Mid Term Anatomy & Physiology 1 Study Guide

Anatomy and Physiology Key Points

• A right inguinal hernia occurs in the groin region, specifically in the right lower quadrant (RLQ).
• The hyoid bone is frequently fractured due to strangulation incidents.
• Kyphosis is the medical term for hunchback.
• The cervical area corresponds to the neck region of the spinal column.
• The substernal area is situated below the sternum, extending into the chest.
• A pH level below 7.35 indicates acidemia, reflecting excess acidity in the blood.
• The patella is alternatively known as the kneecap.
• The liver is located in the right upper quadrant (RUQ) of the abdomen.
• A greenstick fracture describes a bending or incomplete break in a bone.
• Alopecia refers to hair loss.
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy source for active transport processes in cells.
• Blood vessels and nerves are generally absent in the epidermis, the outermost skin layer.
• Ceruminous glands secrete earwax, contributing to ear health.
• Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of particles through a membrane with the aid of a carrier or helper molecule.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is characterized by a buildup of ketones in the blood.
• Carpals are the bones of the wrist.
• Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic process where glucose is formed from amino acids.
• The vertebral column sequence consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
• Urticaria is the medical term for hives.
• A hypotonic solution causes cells to swell due to water influx.
• A spiral fracture results from a twisting motion breaking the bone.
• A compound fracture is when a bone protrudes through the skin (open fracture).
• Kussmaul breathing is a specific breathing pattern associated with metabolic acidosis.
• Gout is characterized by pain in the big toe caused by uric acid accumulation.
• Diffusion is the process where particles move from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.
• Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by weakened bones and increased fracture risk.
• Sebaceous glands produce sebum, an oily substance that moisturizes skin and hair.
• Adding hydrogen ions (H+) to blood lowers pH and increases acidity.
• The adult human skeleton contains 206 bones.
• Cyanosis describes a bluish skin coloration due to oxygen-poor blood.
• Mitochondria are the energy production sites within cells.
• There are 12 thoracic vertebrae and 7 pairs of true ribs in the human body.
• The epidermis is the skin's outermost layer.
• Increased uric acid levels can form crystals that inflame joints, causing pain.
• Rapid and incomplete fatty acid breakdown can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis.
• Pure water IV infusion can cause cells to swell or burst.
• Arrector pili muscles are responsible for hair standing on end (goosebumps).
• Filtration is a passive process utilizing pressure to move substances.
• Osmosis is another passive process that involves the movement of water across a membrane.
• The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into quadrants for anatomical reference.
• Byproducts of cellular metabolism include carbon dioxide and water.
• The clavicle is another name for the collarbone.
• A catalyst is any substance that accelerates a chemical reaction.
• Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins.
• Necrosis refers to dead tissue.
• Normal saline is a solution of 0.9% sodium chloride.
• Active transport relies on ATP as the driving force.
• Baking soda can neutralize excess hydrogen ions in the body.
• The pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration, indicating acidity or alkalinity.
• Urea is a nitrogenous waste product formed from amino acid breakdown in the liver.
• Decubitis is a term for a bed sore.
• Excess adipose tissue can lead to obesity and related heart problems.
• Bicarbonate (HCO3-) acts as a buffer in the body, helping to maintain pH balance.
• The mediastinum houses essential structures: heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels.
• Neutral pH is defined as a level of 7.
• Serous membranes line the ventral body cavities that are not exposed to the exterior.
• Hypertonic solutions cause crenation or shrinkage of cells due to water loss.
• Hemolysis refers to the rupture of red blood cells.

Prepare for your Mid Term exam in Anatomy and Physiology 1 with this comprehensive study guide. It covers key concepts including hernias, bone fractures, and spinal column regions. Test your knowledge on critical anatomical terms and locations.