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Questions and Answers
What is the formula to calculate total magnification in a compound microscope?
What is the formula to calculate total magnification in a compound microscope?
- Eyepiece x Objective (correct)
- Objective - Eyepiece
- Eyepiece + Objective
- Objective x Eyepiece
What is the function of a stage micrometer?
What is the function of a stage micrometer?
- To provide illumination for the specimen
- To increase the field of view
- To calibrate the ocular micrometer (correct)
- To focus the image on the lens
Which of the following factors affects the resolving power of a microscope?
Which of the following factors affects the resolving power of a microscope?
- Brightness of the light source
- Cleaning of the lenses (correct)
- Thickness of the stage
- Type of specimen being viewed
When switching to a higher magnification lens, what change occurs in the field of view?
When switching to a higher magnification lens, what change occurs in the field of view?
What is a key characteristic of quality lenses in microscopy?
What is a key characteristic of quality lenses in microscopy?
How should lenses be maintained for optimal performance?
How should lenses be maintained for optimal performance?
What measurement unit is typically used on a stage micrometer scale?
What measurement unit is typically used on a stage micrometer scale?
During the calibration of an ocular micrometer, what must be aligned with the stage micrometer?
During the calibration of an ocular micrometer, what must be aligned with the stage micrometer?
What is the primary function of the central canal in the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the central canal in the spinal cord?
Which layer of the spinal cord is primarily composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue cells?
Which layer of the spinal cord is primarily composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue cells?
What is the composition of the white matter in the spinal cord?
What is the composition of the white matter in the spinal cord?
Which layer lies beneath the dura mater in the spinal cord?
Which layer lies beneath the dura mater in the spinal cord?
Which component is NOT found in the Tunica Externa?
Which component is NOT found in the Tunica Externa?
How can the gray matter in the spinal cord be described based on its location?
How can the gray matter in the spinal cord be described based on its location?
What characterizes the ependymal cells in relation to the central canal?
What characterizes the ependymal cells in relation to the central canal?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of the Tunica Intima?
Which statement accurately describes the structure of the Tunica Intima?
What is the shape of the nucleus in basophils?
What is the shape of the nucleus in basophils?
What percentage of blood leukocytes are lymphocytes?
What percentage of blood leukocytes are lymphocytes?
What is true about erythrocytes in mammals compared to other vertebrates?
What is true about erythrocytes in mammals compared to other vertebrates?
Which of the following is a type of agranulocyte?
Which of the following is a type of agranulocyte?
What characteristic distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?
What characteristic distinguishes elastic cartilage from hyaline cartilage?
What is the function of megakaryocytes in the blood?
What is the function of megakaryocytes in the blood?
What percentage of blood leukocytes are monocytes?
What percentage of blood leukocytes are monocytes?
What is a characteristics of cartilage tissue?
What is a characteristics of cartilage tissue?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane in an animal cell?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane in an animal cell?
Which type of cell has genetic material that is not membrane bound?
Which type of cell has genetic material that is not membrane bound?
What shape are smooth muscle cells in the stomach?
What shape are smooth muscle cells in the stomach?
What is the function of cytoplasm in an animal cell?
What is the function of cytoplasm in an animal cell?
What is the significance of staining cells like the human cheek cell?
What is the significance of staining cells like the human cheek cell?
Which cell type is characterized by a distinct nucleus and an oval shape, optimizing for oxygen exchange?
Which cell type is characterized by a distinct nucleus and an oval shape, optimizing for oxygen exchange?
Which component of the animal cell contains genetic material?
Which component of the animal cell contains genetic material?
Which of the following is true about the structure and function of cells?
Which of the following is true about the structure and function of cells?
What is the shape of an egg cell in a frog’s ovary?
What is the shape of an egg cell in a frog’s ovary?
What is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells?
What is a characteristic feature of eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary purpose of cell division in living organisms?
What is the primary purpose of cell division in living organisms?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
What structural form does genetic material take during interphase?
What structural form does genetic material take during interphase?
Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the equatorial region?
Which phase of mitosis involves the alignment of chromosomes at the equatorial region?
What structures form between centrioles during prophase in mitosis?
What structures form between centrioles during prophase in mitosis?
Which phase of mitosis sees the disappearance of the nuclear membrane?
Which phase of mitosis sees the disappearance of the nuclear membrane?
What occurs during telophase?
What occurs during telophase?
What is a cleavage furrow?
What is a cleavage furrow?
In which type of cells can a centrosome typically be observed?
In which type of cells can a centrosome typically be observed?
What is the role of the kinetochore during metaphase?
What is the role of the kinetochore during metaphase?
Which type of cells are spermatozoa typically classified as?
Which type of cells are spermatozoa typically classified as?
What happens to the mitotic spindles during telophase?
What happens to the mitotic spindles during telophase?
What is one of the main functions of white blood cells?
What is one of the main functions of white blood cells?
Study Notes
Compound Microscope and Magnification
- Combines eyepiece and objective lens magnifying powers.
- Total magnification calculated as Eyepiece (10x) × Objective.
- Magnification power is indicated on lens housing.
Stage Micrometer and Ocular Micrometer
- Stage micrometer: glass slide with scale, divided into 0.01 mm.
- Ocular micrometer is calibrated against the stage micrometer.
- Calibration process requires aligning both scales properly on the stage.
Resolving Power
- Measures lens quality, affecting image clarity and detail.
- High resolving power necessary; poor resolution diminishes usefulness.
- Cleanliness of lenses impacts resolution; cleaning before and after use is advised.
Field of View
- Refers to the observable area through the lens.
- Higher magnification results in a smaller visible area.
- Transitioning to higher magnification reveals central parts visible at lower power.
Structure of Frog’s Spinal Cord
- Tunica Intima: Internal layer featuring lining epithelium and elastic tissue.
- Tunica Media: Intermediate smooth muscle layer with collagen and elastic fibers.
- Tunica Externa (Adventitia): External layer with elastic membrane and blood vessels.
- Central canal surrounded by columnar ependymal cells viewed at different power levels.
- Gray matter (nerve cells, neuroglia) and white matter (nerve fibers) surround the canal.
Blood Composition
- Composed of formed elements (cells) and plasma (fluid matrix).
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) lack nuclei in mammals; nucleated in other vertebrates.
- Thrombocytes are fragments of megakaryocytes and aid in clotting.
Types of White Blood Cells
- Basophils: U or J-shaped nucleus, least numerous (0.5%).
- Lymphocytes: Small round cells with an indented nucleus, 20-25% of leukocytes.
- Monocytes: Larger with eccentric nuclei, 3-8% of leukocytes.
Supporting Tissue: Cartilage
- Elastic Cartilage: Similar to hyaline cartilage, distinguished by numerous elastic fibers.
- Chondrocytes are housed in lacunae filled with tissue fluid.
- Lacks blood vessels; nourished through diffusion.
Cell Structure and Types
- All living organisms consist of cells, forming the basic unit of structure and function.
- Prokaryotic Cells: Contain non-membrane-bound genetic material.
- Eukaryotic Cells: Genetic material is membrane-bound.
- Animal cells typically contain a cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm.
Cell Shape Variations
- Fusiform: Spindle-shaped, commonly found in stomach’s muscular layer.
- Spherical: Seen in frog’s ovary (egg cells), aids fertilization.
- Oval: Observed in frog’s blood smear (red blood cells), maximizes surface area for gas exchange.
- Amorphous: Definite shape, found in white blood cells.
Cell Division and Mitosis
- Vital for growth, development, and tissue repair.
- Process divided into interphase and mitosis.
- Interphase: Cell prepares for division; 90% of the cell cycle.
- Mitosis: 10% of the cell cycle consisting of stages:
- Prophase: Nuclear membrane disintegrates, chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the equator, spindle fibers attach.
- Telophase: Cleavage furrow forms, nuclear membrane reappears, leading to daughter cells' formation.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of compound microscopes, including their magnifying powers and components. This quiz will cover key concepts like the stage micrometer and ocular micrometer calibration, providing essential knowledge for microscopy.
