Microprocessors Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the three main parts of a computer system?

  • Central Processing Unit, The Memory, Input/Output Devices (correct)
  • Control Unit, Data Bus, Address Bus
  • Microprocessor, Memory, Output
  • Input, Processing Unit, Memory

What is the integrated circuit chip containing the CPU called?

Microprocessor

The bus inside a computer carries information from place to place in every computer.

True (A)

What is used to identify the memory location or I/O device that the processor intends to communicate with?

<p>Address Bus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the width of the data bus determine?

<p>The size of data a microprocessor can handle at a time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following control bus signals with their functions:

<p>Memory Read = Instructs the CPU to read data from memory Memory Write = Instructs the CPU to write data to memory I/O Read = Instructs the CPU to read data from I/O devices I/O Write = Instructs the CPU to write data to I/O devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is used by the computer for temporary storage of programs that are running and loses its data when the computer is turned off?

<p>RAM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ROM is a non-volatile type of memory.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term "registers" within the CPU?

<p>Temporary storage locations inside the CPU for data and instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit) within the CPU perform?

<p>Arithmetic (add, subtract, multiply, divide) and logic (AND, OR, NOT) functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the program counter also known as within the CPU and what does it do?

<p>Instruction Pointer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Instruction Decoder within the CPU?

<p>To interpret the meaning of instructions fetched from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first generation of computers known for using?

<p>Vacuum Tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first microprocessor was developed by IBM.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Intel 8088 was the first microprocessor used in IBM's first personal computer in 1981.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base number system used by humans for everyday arithmetic?

<p>Decimal (base 10)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the base number system used by computers?

<p>Binary (base 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is hexadecimal number system convenient for computers?

<p>It offers a more compact way to represent binary numbers, making it easier for programmers to work with large amounts of binary code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of transistors used in microprocessors has significantly decreased over time due to advancements in technology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main reasons for the increasing number of transistors integrated into processors?

<p>Improved performance and increased functionality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The external data bus width is always equal to the internal data bus width in all microprocessors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The address bus width determines the maximum amount of memory a microprocessor can access.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ASCII?

<p>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

A byte is the smallest unit of memory in a computer.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A nibble is equal to 4 bits.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

K in KB stands for Kilo, which is 1000.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of a megabyte?

<p>1024 kilobytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the term "secondary storage?"

<p>Storage devices like hard drives and optical disks that hold information persistently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Instruction Pointer (IP) within the CPU?

<p>To keep track of the memory address of the next instruction to be executed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the roles of the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Instruction Decoder within the CPU?

<p>The ALU performs calculations and logical operations based on instructions, while the Instruction Decoder interprets the instructions fetched from memory and generates appropriate control signals for the CPU.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The control bus is unidirectional.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The data bus is unidirectional.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The address bus is unidirectional.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the address bus in a specific computer is 16 bits wide: What is the total memory address space available in that computer?

<p>2^16 bytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the 2’s complement method used to perform subtraction in binary?

<p>By representing the negative number as the 2's complement of its positive value and then adding the two values together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 2’s complement method work?

<p>First, the 1’s complement is found by inverting all the bits (changing 1 to 0 and 0 to 1). Then, 1 is added to the 1’s complement to get the 2’s complement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The processor speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz).

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The external data bus width is always the same as the internal data bus width.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The width of the address bus is inversely proportional to the memory address space.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

CPU

The central unit that coordinates all computer activities.

Memory

Stores program instructions and data temporarily.

I/O Devices

Input and output devices that interact with the computer.

Microprocessor

An integrated circuit that contains the CPU.

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Bus

Strips of wires connecting CPU to memory and I/O devices.

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Address Bus

Identifies memory locations or I/O devices for communication.

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Data Bus

Transfers data between the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.

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Control Bus

Carries control signals to manage data transfer.

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RAM

Volatile memory used for temporary program storage.

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ROM

Non-volatile memory that retains data without power.

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ALU

Part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logic operations.

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Registers

Small, temporary data storage locations within the CPU.

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Program Counter

Points to the next instruction in memory for execution.

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Instruction Decoder

Interprets fetched instructions and generates control signals.

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Intel 4004

The first microprocessor introduced in 1971.

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Hexadecimal System

Base-16 number system for compact binary representation.

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Binary System

Base-2 number system used by computers.

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Conversion: Decimal to Binary

Process of changing a decimal number to binary.

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ASCII

Standard code for representing characters in computers.

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Bit

Smallest unit of data in a computer, represents 0 or 1.

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Nibbles

A group of 4 bits.

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Byte

8 bits of data.

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Kilobyte

1,024 bytes of data.

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Megabyte

1,048,576 bytes of data.

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Gigabyte

1,073,741,824 bytes of data.

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Terabyte

1,099,511,627,776 bytes of data.

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Hexadecimal Conversion

Changing binary numbers to hexadecimal and vice versa.

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Binary Addition

Process of adding binary numbers.

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Subtraction in Binary

Use 2’s complement for binary subtraction.

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Study Notes

Microprocessors

  • Microcomputers have three main parts: CPU (microprocessor), memory, and input/output (I/O) devices.
  • The CPU coordinates all computer activities, it fetches instructions and data stored.
  • Memory stores instructions and data.
  • I/O devices allow input and output of information for processing.
  • Buses connect the CPU to memory and I/O devices. Three types of buses exist:
    • Address Bus - Identifies memory location or device the CPU needs to communicate with.
    • Data Bus - CPU uses to send/receive data to/from memory or I/O. The size of it classifies a microprocessor.
    • Control Bus - signals if the address is a memory or I/O address. Contains lines for memory read/write, I/O read/write.
  • Address and control buses are unidirectional, while the data bus is bidirectional.
  • RAM (Random Access Memory) - temporary storage, data lost when the computer is turned off (volatile).
  • ROM (Read Only Memory) - permanent storage, data retained when the computer is turned off (non-volatile).
  • RAM is primary storage, magnetic/optical disks are secondary storage.

CPU Internal Organization

  • A program in memory provides instructions to the CPU for actions.
  • Registers store information temporarily within the CPU. Their size varies.
  • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) - performs arithmetic and logic calculations.
  • Instruction counter (Instruction Pointer) – points to the next instruction to execute.
  • Instruction decoder - interprets the instruction meaning, generating appropriate signals.

Interaction Between CPU, Memory, and I/O

  • Diagrams illustrate how CPU, memory, and I/O devices interact through buses.
  • Signals from the CPU determine if data is read from or written to memory/I/O.

Intel 80x86 Family Microprocessors

  • Historical timeline shows processor evolution (e.g., 4004, 8086, Pentium).
  • Increasing transistor counts, clock rates, and bus widths over time.

Number Systems

  • Decimal (base 10): used by humans.
  • Binary (base 2): used by computers. Represented by 0s and 1s (bits).
  • Hexadecimal (base 16) - A convenient way to represent binary numbers; using the digits 0-9 and A-F.

Data Conversion

  • Methods for converting between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal number systems. Examples to illustrate processes.

Arithmetic Operations

  • Binary addition and subtraction methods.
  • Algorithms for these operations. Examples shown.
  • Hexadecimal addition and subtraction with examples.

ASCII Code

  • Character codes mapping numbers to characters for computers (ASCII).
  • Table shows hexadecimal codes for characters.

Important Terms

  • Definitions of common computer-related terms (e.g., bit, byte, word, double-word, quad-word, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte)

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Related Documents

EEE 410 Microprocessors I Spring 2005/2006 Lecture Notes PDF

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