Architecture of Microprocessor Systems

The concept that computers are made up of interacting components, like the CPU, memory, and input/output units, which work together to execute programs.

A type of computer architecture where the CPU treats instructions and data as separate entities, stored in different memories, resulting in faster access.

A type of computer architecture where the instructions and data are stored in the same memory location, making the system more efficient.

A special area of memory, controlled by the CPU, used to store temporary data and addresses. It follows the LIFO (Last In, First Out) principle.

A specific memory location used in the Von Neumann architecture, where both instructions and data are stored.

A dedicated hardware component within a CPU that performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, etc.) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT).

A special area of memory dedicated to storing the data being processed by the CPU.

The central component of a computer system, responsible for executing instructions, controlling the main functions, and performing calculations.

A series of signals that control the sequencing of operations within a machine.

The process by which the CPU fetches an instruction from memory, decodes it to understand what it needs to perform, and then executes the instruction.

The address of the next instruction that the CPU will execute, often stored in a special register.

The mechanism by which CPUs access data stored in the computer's memory.

A dedicated memory location used in the Von Neumann architecture for storing the program instructions.

A set of instructions that a CPU understands and can execute, defining the language of the CPU and its interface with the software.

Instructions that move data between different locations in a computer (registers, memory, input/output devices).

A type of instruction that directs the flow of execution of the program, such as jumping to different parts of the code based on certain conditions.

A memory location that holds the address of the next instruction to be executed after a subroutine call.

A block of code designed to perform a specific task that can be called from different points within the program.

An instruction that saves a value onto the stack. The stack pointer is decreased to make space for the new value.

An instruction that retrieves a value from the top of the stack. The stack pointer is increased to remove the retrieved value.

A special type of instruction used to initiate a software interrupt, like an alarm system that signals the CPU to handle a specific situation.

An instruction that restores the context of the program after an interrupt has been handled, returning execution to the normal program flow.

An instruction that halts the CPU and puts it in a waiting state, used when the program has completed its execution.

A type of instruction that allows the CPU to perform bitwise operations, manipulating individual bits within a data value.

An instruction that performs a logical AND operation between two operands. When both bits in the same position are set to 1, the resulting bit is also set to 1; otherwise, it's 0.

An instruction that performs a logical OR operation between two operands. When at least one bit in the same position is set to 1, the resulting bit is set to 1; otherwise, it's 0.

An instruction that performs a logical XOR operation between two operands. When both bits in the same position are either 0 or 1, the resulting bit is 0; if they differ, the resulting bit is 1.

An instruction that compares two operands, sets the flags based on the comparison result, but doesn't store the result of the comparison.

The process of moving an operand's value to a different location, such as a register or a memory address.

A method of accessing memory addresses, where the actual address is specified directly as a value.

A method of accessing memory addresses, where the address is not specified directly but rather through a register containing the address value.

A specialized type of addressing mode used to manipulate data within arrays or lists by combining the values of a base register and an index register.