Architecture of Microprocessor Systems
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Questions and Answers

Which of these are basic units that make up a computer?

  • Central Processing Unit (CPU)
  • Memory
  • Input/Output (I/O) units
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is the name of the architecture proposed by John von Neumann?

  • Turing architecture
  • Harvard architecture
  • Zuse architecture
  • Von Neumann architecture (correct)

    • The Von Neumann architecture utilizes a single memory for both instructions and data, while the Harvard architecture uses separate memories for each.

    True

    What is the major difference between the Von Neumann and Harvard architectures?

    <p>Memory organization. Von Neumann uses a unified memory for instructions and data while Harvard uses separate memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle?

    <p>A sequence of steps the CPU performs for every instruction: Fetch (retrieve the instruction from memory), Decode (interpret the instruction), and Execute (perform the operation specified by the instruction).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are registers in the CPU?

    <p>Small, high-speed storage units within the CPU used to temporarily hold data and instructions required for current operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ALU?

    <p>It performs arithmetic and logical operations on data, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparisons, and boolean logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Control Unit in the CPU?

    <p>It manages the flow of instructions, decodes them, and orchestrates all the other CPU components to execute the program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the role of Bus in computing.

    <p>A communication pathway that enables data, addresses, and control signals to flow between different components within the computer system (CPU, memory, peripherals).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the major types of buses commonly used in computer systems?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a benefit of using a Harvard architecture?

    <p>Reduced complexity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Von Neumann architecture more commonly used?

    <p>It is simpler to design and program.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a characteristic of the Intel 8085 microprocessor?

    <p>It is less powerful than Intel 8086.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Intel 8086's segmented memory architecture?

    <p>It allows for more flexible memory management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of segmenting memory?

    <p>It allows a larger address space to be accessed by dividing the physical memory into smaller segments and using a combination of segment and offset addressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the 8085 and 8086 microprocessors?

    <p>The 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor with a 64KB memory limit, while the 8086 is a 16-bit processor with a 1MB memory limit, and it implements a segmented memory architecture. The 8086 also has a more powerful instruction set and supports more complex programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Intel 8086 uses only a single memory model for both data and program instructions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Architecture of Microprocessor Systems

    • Computer architecture is a branch of computer science that focuses on the design, organization, and operation of computers.
    • It involves hardware and software concepts, and how they interact.
    • Computer architecture involves how the components of a computer work together to run programs.

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    • The CPU is the central component of a computer, responsible for executing instructions.
    • It's also known as the brains of the computer.

    Memory

    • Memory stores the instructions and data required to run programs.
    • The memory is used temporarily during program execution.

    Input/Output (I/O) Units

    • The input/output units enable the computer to communicate with the outside world.
    • Devices like keyboards, monitors, and hard drives are part of the I/O unit.

    Von Neumann Architecture

    • A key architectural model in computing history.
    • It proposes that programs and data are stored in the same memory space.
    • This allows for flexible programming and the re-use of programs.

    Harvard Architecture

    • An alternative architecture where program instructions and data reside in separate memory spaces.
    • This allows for simultaneous access to both instructions and data.
    • This can be faster than the Von Neumann architecture in some tasks.

    CPU Components

    • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.
    • Control Unit (CU): Manages the execution of instructions.
    • Registers: Small storage locations within the CPU for temporary data.
      • Instruction Register (IR): Contains the instruction being executed.
      • Program Counter (PC): Holds the address of the next instruction.
        • Data registers: Stores data values.

    Bus System

    • A communication system that connects the CPU to memory and other components.
    • Types of buses:
      • Data bus: Transfers data between components.
      • Address bus: Identifies memory locations.
      • Control bus: Controls the flow of data and other actions.

    Instruction Cycle

    • The process through which the CPU fetches, decodes and executes instructions.
      • Fetch: Retrieves the next instruction from memory.
      • Decode: Interprets the instruction.
      • Execute: Performs the specified action.

    Intel 8086 Architecture

    • A 16-bit microprocessor.
    • Introduced segmented memory.
    • Increased memory capacity beyond 64KB.
    • Includes general-purpose registers, segment registers, and pointer/index registers.

    Assembly Language

    • Low-level programming language used to write instructions for the CPU directly.
    • Allows programmers granularity in manipulation and control of hardware.

    Interrupts

    • Hardware interrupts: External devices signaling the CPU.
    • Software interrupts: Instructions triggering specific processes.
    • Role of the programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) in managing interrupts.

    Stack (LIFO - Last In First Out)

    • A special memory area.
    • Used to store temporary data.
    • Important for function calls, subroutine returns, and interrupt handling.
    • The stack pointer (SP) points to the top element of the stack.

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    Description

    Test your understanding of microprocessor architecture, including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output units. Explore the fundamental concepts of how these components work together to execute programs and communicate with the external environment. Additionally, learn about the influential Von Neumann architecture model.

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