Microprocessor Maximum Mode Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of these pins are reassigned during maximum mode operation?

  • Pins 17 - 23
  • Pins 9 - 16
  • Pins 24 - 31 (correct)
  • Pins 1 - 8

What does grounding the MN/MX pin signify?

  • Disabled interrupt flag
  • Enabled interrupt flag
  • Minimum mode operation
  • Maximum mode operation (correct)

Which of these pins are bidirectional?

  • QS0 and QS1
  • BHE and A16
  • LOCK and MN/MX
  • RQ/GT0 and RQ/GT1 (correct)

What does the LOCK prefix instruction achieve?

<p>It prevents other bus masters from accessing the system bus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) is true?

<p>The BIU fetches instructions and performs data operations with memory and I/O ports. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Stack Pointer (SP) when executing a PUSH instruction?

<p>SP is decremented by 2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the operation of the IN instruction?

<p>Data is transferred from a port into a register (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the case of the POP instruction, what is the effect on the Stack Pointer (SP)?

<p>SP is incremented by 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which operands can be used with the OUT instruction?

<p>Both register and memory operands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the XCHG instruction?

<p>To exchange data between two registers or memory locations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What flag indicates that a comparison resulted in a less than condition when using CMP AL, data8?

<p>CF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When executing CMP AX, data16, what flags would be set if AX equals data16?

<p>CF=0, ZF=1, SF=0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mnemonic is used for logical negation in arithmetic instructions?

<p>XOR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the CMP instruction, which flag indicates a positive result when comparing two values?

<p>SF (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which logical instruction will shift bits to the right and fill in zeros on the left?

<p>SHR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the SUB instruction do?

<p>Subtracts one value from another (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the result of a CMP instruction is zero, which flag is set?

<p>ZF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following logical instructions is not part of the 8086 instruction set?

<p>MULT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which addressing mode directly specifies an 8-bit or 16-bit data as part of the instruction?

<p>Immediate Addressing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum amount of memory the 8086 microprocessor can address?

<p>1M bytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which addressing mode allows the use of a base register combined with an index register?

<p>Based Index Addressing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which addressing mode is the actual address of a byte in memory calculated based on a combination of registers?

<p>Indexed Addressing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not involve any data being directly specified in the instruction?

<p>Implied Addressing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the directive 'END' do in an assembly program?

<p>Terminates the program and ignores further statements (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which directive informs the assembler that data must start from an even address?

<p>EVEN (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'ORG' directive?

<p>To assign an effective address for a code/data segment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'ASSUME' directive do?

<p>Tells which segment registers are used for specific segments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'EQU' directive accomplish?

<p>It attaches a value to a variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which directive is used to establish the beginning of a code, data, or stack segment?

<p>SEGMENT (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What information does the 'DB' directive provide?

<p>Informs the assembler the name of the segment to use (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 'LOOP EQU 10FEH' is defined, what is the value of 'LOOP'?

<p>10FEH (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the directive 'FAR' indicate?

<p>A far procedure is declared (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the 'MACRO' directive?

<p>To create a sequence of instructions for reuse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of addressing mode directly specifies a register holding the data?

<p>Register Addressing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Immediate Addressing mode indicate in terms of data?

<p>The data is directly specified in the instruction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of Direct Addressing mode?

<p>It specifies the memory address of the data directly. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which addressing mode is the address of the operand specified indirectly through a register?

<p>Register Indirect Addressing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following addressing modes is NOT specifically identified for memory data?

<p>Immediate Addressing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Based Addressing mode utilize to determine the address of the operand?

<p>A combination of register values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which addressing mode is specifically used for accessing data from I/O ports?

<p>Direct I/O port Addressing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which addressing mode allows for the use of a string of data?

<p>String Addressing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Maximum Mode Operation

A mode where MN/ MX is grounded, allowing multiple bus masters.

RQ/GT0 and RQ/GT1

Bus Request/Bus Grant signals that manage bus access priority.

LOCK Signal

An output signal from the 8086 that prevents other bus masters from gaining control.

Execution Unit (EU)

Part of the 8086 that executes instructions already fetched.

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Bus Interface Unit (BIU)

Responsible for fetching instructions and managing data transfer with memory.

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Based Index Addressing

Uses a base register and an index to determine an address in memory.

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Immediate Addressing

Data is specified directly in the instruction, like a number or value.

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Direct Addressing

Specifies the exact location in memory to access the data directly.

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Relative Addressing

Address is given relative to the current position of the instruction pointer.

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Register Indirect Addressing

Uses registers to point to the memory address where data is stored instead of the data itself.

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Addressing Modes

Different ways to specify operands in instructions.

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Register Addressing

Operand specified directly through register name.

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Based Addressing

Uses a base address from a register combined with an offset.

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Indexed Addressing

Addresses are calculated based on an index register value.

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PUSH reg16

Decreases the stack pointer (SP) by 2 and stores reg16 value in memory.

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POP reg16

Retrieves the value from memory to reg16 and increases the stack pointer (SP) by 2.

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IN A, [DX]

Loads data from the port address in DX to register A.

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OUT [DX], A

Sends data from register A to the port address in DX.

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Memory Addressing (MA S)

Calculates the memory address based on segment (SS) and stack pointer (SP).

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CMP Instruction

Compares the value of a register with data and modifies flags based on the result.

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CF Flag

Carry Flag indicates if an unsigned overflow occurred in a comparison.

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ZF Flag

Zero Flag indicates if the result of a comparison is zero, meaning values are equal.

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SF Flag

Sign Flag indicates the sign of the result in a signed comparison.

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Logical Instructions

Instructions used for performing bitwise logical operations.

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AND Instruction

Performs a bitwise AND operation between two operand values.

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OR Instruction

Performs a bitwise OR operation allowing for true if either operand is true.

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XOR Instruction

Performs a bitwise exclusive OR operation, true only if operands differ.

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DB

Assembles a byte (data) in a program segment.

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DW

Assembles a word (two bytes) in a program segment.

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SEGMENT

Indicates the beginning of a code/data segment.

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ENDS

Indicates the end of a code/data segment.

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ASSUME

Associates segment registers with segment names.

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ORG

Assigns the starting address for a segment.

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END

Terminates a program, ignores statements after it.

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EVEN

Aligns the starting address to an even number.

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EQU

Attaches a value to a variable definition.

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PROC

Defines a procedure or a function in a program.

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Study Notes

8086 Microprocessor

  • The 8086 microprocessor was first released in 1978.
  • It's now manufactured using the HMOS III technique.
  • It has approximately 29,000 transistors.
  • It has a 40-pin DIP and a 5V supply.
  • It doesn't have an internal clock, using an external clock source with a 33% duty cycle.
  • The 20-bit address allows it to access up to 1 megabytes (2^20) of memory space.

Addressing Modes

  • Every instruction uses addressing modes to specify how data for the operation is obtained.
  • There are 12 different addressing modes: Register, Immediate, Direct, Register Indirect, Based, Indexed, Based Indexed, String, Direct I/O port, Indirect I/O port, Relative, and Implied.
  • Groups are:
    • Group I: Register and Immediate
    • Group II: Memory data
    • Group III: I/O ports
    • Group IV: Relative
    • Group V: Implied

Instruction Set

  • The 8086 instruction set includes 6 categories:
    • Data Transfer Instructions
    • Arithmetic Instructions
    • Logical Instructions
    • String Manipulation Instructions
    • Processor Control Instructions
    • Control Transfer Instructions

Registers

  • The 8086 microprocessor has general-purpose, pointer, index, and segment registers.
  • Each register type has specific functions, for example some are 16-bit and can be broken down into 2 8-bit registers (BX, and AX).
  • Registers can store data, or temporary values needed during calculations, or pointers indicating locations in memory, or for specifying particular segments of memory.

Assemble Directives

  • Assembler directives give instructions to the assembler about how the program should be organized.
  • They tell the assembler how to allocate memory and where to store different sections of the program.
  • Types of assembler directives include:
    • DB (Define Byte)
    • DW (Define Word)
    • SEGMENT and ENDS (marking code segments or data segments)
    • ASSUME (telling the assembler what segments the code should be placed in)
    • ORG (specifying memory location where the code begins)
    • EQU (defining values of variables)
    • PROC and ENDP (specifying the beginning and end of procedures/subroutines)
    • MACRO and ENDM (defining macros)
    • Other common directives

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8086 Microprocessor PDF

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