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Which nitrogen source is associated with alkaline drift during utilization?
What is the primary role of phosphorus in fermentation media?
Which component in the elemental composition is typically highest in fungi?
What mineral is essential for metabolism and product formation in microorganisms?
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Which nitrogen source has the highest nitrogen content?
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What should be assessed to determine the suitability of water for microbial growth?
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Which of the following is NOT a trace mineral essential for microorganisms?
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What role does deionization play in modern water treatment for microbial culture?
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What is one way in which inhibitors can influence fermentation?
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What type of substances are most commonly used as inducers in microbial enzyme media?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an ideal antifoam?
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Which of the following best describes the basic types of media based on composition?
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What is a primary purpose of adding antifoams during fermentation?
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What percentage range does raw materials costs typically represent in total product costs?
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Which of the following examples fits into the category of natural cultural media?
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What is one of the common substances that can induce amylase production?
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What effect do gibberellins have when mixed with other substances?
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Which hormone ratio is crucial for determining root and shoot growth?
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What is the natural role of ethylene in plants?
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What is a key feature of fractional factorial designs?
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What type of designs does Plackett-Burman focus on?
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What happens when there is a high concentration of ethylene without proper air circulation?
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Which of the following is NOT a property of fractional factorial designs?
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What is the influence of abscisic acid on cell division?
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What is the purpose of a Central Composite Design (CCD) in experimental design?
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Which statement correctly describes the axial points in a Central Composite Design?
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What is the main goal when optimizing a process using experimental design?
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Which of the following designs allows for fitting a second order model without a complete factorial experiment?
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What does the term 'coded variables' refer to in the context of design experiments?
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What characterizes a Box-Behnken Design (BBD)?
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In the context of a designed experiment, what is meant by the 'insensitive spot'?
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Why is replicating center points important in an experimental design?
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What is the primary material used in depth filters for sterilizing air in bioprocesses?
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What is the typical pore size of membrane filter cartridges used in air filtration?
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What factor can negatively impact the performance of depth filters?
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How do membrane cartridge filters differ from traditional depth filters?
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What is the purpose of using a pre-filter in air filtration systems?
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What happens to the efficiency of depth filters during large fluctuations in air flow rate?
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What type of filters are HEPA filters typically associated with?
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What is one disadvantage of depth filters compared to membrane cartridge filters?
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Study Notes
Microorganism Nutrition
- Some organisms can use oils for efficient production, like antibiotics (Methyl oleate is used in cephalosporin).
- Inorganic nitrogen sources include Ammonia gas, ammonium chloride, ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrates, and sodium nitrates.
- Ammonia gas is used for pH control, while ammonium salts produce acidic conditions and sodium nitrate produces alkaline conditions.
- Organic nitrogen comes from amino acids, protein, and urea, and is commonly added as complex nitrogen sources like soybean meal and corn steep liquor.
Requirements for Microorganisms
- Elemental Composition: Microorganisms need carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, iron and trace amounts of cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc.
- Water Quality: The water used should be assessed for pH, dissolved salts, and effluent contamination.
- Minerals: Minerals are essential for growth and product formation. Phosphorus is used as a buffer to minimize pH changes.
Fermentation Processes
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Inhibitors: Certain inhibitors can increase the production of specific products by modifying fermentation processes.
- Example: Glycerol production depends on removing acetaldehyde from ethanol fermentation. Sodium bisulphite forms acetaldehyde bisulphite, preventing acetaldehyde production and promoting dihydroxy acetone formation.
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Inducers: Most enzymes are inducible. Inducers are often substrates or substrates analogs used in microbial enzyme media.
- Example: Starch or dextrins induce amylase, maltose induces pullulanase, and pectin induces pectinase.
- Antifoams: Foaming is a common problem in fermentations. It can be controlled by modifying the medium, using mechanical foam breakers, or adding chemical agents like fatty acids, silicones, and PPG 2000.
Cost and Types of Media
- The medium can be a significant proportion of the total product cost (38-77% in some cases).
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Types of Media:
- Liquid media: Commonly used for growing microorganisms.
- Solid and semi-solid media: Used for specific purposes, such as isolating colonies or observing growth patterns.
- Natural media: Made from natural sources like milk, diluted blood, vegetable juice, and meat extracts.
- Synthetic media: Prepared with pure, chemically defined compounds.
- Liquid culture media: Used for growing living cells as tissue, callus or organ. Example: chick embryos for cultivating viruses.
Plant Growth Regulators
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Auxins and Cytokinins: Control root formation.
- High auxin: root initiation.
- High cytokinin: shoot growth.
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Gibberellins & Abciscic acid: Regulate cell elongation and plant height.
- Gibberellins: increase growth in low density cultures, enhance callus growth, and elongate dwarf plants.
- Abscisic acid: alters callus growth, enhances bud and shoot formation, and inhibits cell division.
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Ethylene: A volatile gas produced during ripening, stress, mechanical damage, or infection.
- Promotes fruit ripening and flower blooming.
- Used commercially to initiate flowering and ripen tomatoes, citrus, and bananas.
Experimental Designs
- Plackett-Burman: Used for screening a large number of variables with a minimal number of experiments.
- Box-Behnken: Allows for optimizing multiple factors and generating a second-order model.
Sterilization and Filtration
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Filtration: Commonly used to sterilize air in large-scale bioprocesses.
- Depth filters: Made of compacted beds of fibrous material, trap particles by impaction, interception, and electrostatic effects.
- Membrane cartridge filters: Use steam-sterilizable or disposable polymeric membranes that act as surface filters.
- Autoclave: Used for sterilizing equipment and media.
- HEPA filters: Used for filtering air in aseptic environments.
Membrane Air Filters
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Materials:
- Ceramic materials: durable, backwashable, steam-sterilizable.
- Polymeric materials: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), cellulose acetate, polysulfone, composite polymeric materials.
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Description
This quiz covers the nutritional needs of microorganisms, focusing on their sources of carbon, nitrogen, and essential minerals. It also discusses the significance of water quality and the elemental composition necessary for microbial growth. Test your understanding of these fundamental aspects of microbiology.
