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Questions and Answers
What is one of the ways in which a healthy normal microbiota can aid the host?
What is one of the ways in which a healthy normal microbiota can aid the host?
From where does most of an individual's microbiota come from?
From where does most of an individual's microbiota come from?
What is a factor that influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
What is a factor that influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
What is a characteristic of dental plaque?
What is a characteristic of dental plaque?
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What is the function of the pellicle in oral microbiology?
What is the function of the pellicle in oral microbiology?
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What is a characteristic of the 'sterile' sites in the body?
What is a characteristic of the 'sterile' sites in the body?
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What is the primary role of normal GI microbiota in the host?
What is the primary role of normal GI microbiota in the host?
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Which species is most commonly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis?
Which species is most commonly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis?
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What is the primary role of Streptococcus salivarius?
What is the primary role of Streptococcus salivarius?
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What is the name of the disease that results from the progression of gingivitis, involving inflammation and infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth?
What is the name of the disease that results from the progression of gingivitis, involving inflammation and infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth?
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Which bacteria is known to cause bone resorption?
Which bacteria is known to cause bone resorption?
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What is the name of the disease that involves inflammation and destruction of the gingival tissues?
What is the name of the disease that involves inflammation and destruction of the gingival tissues?
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What is the primary cause of halitosis?
What is the primary cause of halitosis?
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What is the most common cause of caries?
What is the most common cause of caries?
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What is the primary role of the oral microbiota?
What is the primary role of the oral microbiota?
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What is the primary factor that determines the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
What is the primary factor that determines the composition of a child's bacterial microbiota?
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What is the term for the initial stage of tooth decay, characterized by a white spot?
What is the term for the initial stage of tooth decay, characterized by a white spot?
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What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
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Which bacterium is commonly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis?
Which bacterium is commonly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis?
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What is the term for the progression of gingivitis, involving inflammation and infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth?
What is the term for the progression of gingivitis, involving inflammation and infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth?
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What is the role of the human microbiota in immunity?
What is the role of the human microbiota in immunity?
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Which virus is associated with hemorrhagic fever?
Which virus is associated with hemorrhagic fever?
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What is Enterovirus D68, and what are its associated symptoms?
What is Enterovirus D68, and what are its associated symptoms?
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What is the term for the bacteria that produce enzymes that contribute to the destruction of gum tissue and bone?
What is the term for the bacteria that produce enzymes that contribute to the destruction of gum tissue and bone?
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What is the primary mode of transmission of Zika virus?
What is the primary mode of transmission of Zika virus?
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What is the term for the symptoms associated with severe pneumonia, including fever, coughing, and respiratory distress?
What is the term for the symptoms associated with severe pneumonia, including fever, coughing, and respiratory distress?
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What percentage of yellow fever cases progress to a more severe form of the disease?
What percentage of yellow fever cases progress to a more severe form of the disease?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Zika virus?
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What is the name of the bacteria that causes most cavities?
What is the name of the bacteria that causes most cavities?
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What is the name of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2?
What is the name of the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2?
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What is the name of the beneficial oral microbe?
What is the name of the beneficial oral microbe?
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In an infected person, which body fluid would have the most HIV particles?
In an infected person, which body fluid would have the most HIV particles?
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What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota?
What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota?
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Which of the following body regions is NOT considered 'sterile'?
Which of the following body regions is NOT considered 'sterile'?
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What is the term for the protein coat on the enamel of the teeth?
What is the term for the protein coat on the enamel of the teeth?
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What influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
What influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
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Which type of ecosystem is dental plaque?
Which type of ecosystem is dental plaque?
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Which bacterium is known to cause bone resorption and is also associated with halitosis?
Which bacterium is known to cause bone resorption and is also associated with halitosis?
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What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
What is the primary cause of gingivitis?
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What is the term for the disease that results from the progression of gingivitis, involving inflammation and infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth?
What is the term for the disease that results from the progression of gingivitis, involving inflammation and infection of the ligaments and bones that support the teeth?
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What is the name of the respiratory virus that causes mild cold symptoms, but can also lead to limb paralysis and neurological complications?
What is the name of the respiratory virus that causes mild cold symptoms, but can also lead to limb paralysis and neurological complications?
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What is the term for the initial stage of tooth decay, characterized by a white spot?
What is the term for the initial stage of tooth decay, characterized by a white spot?
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What is the primary role of Streptococcus salivarius in the oral cavity?
What is the primary role of Streptococcus salivarius in the oral cavity?
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Which bacteria is known to cause bone resorption?
Which bacteria is known to cause bone resorption?
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What is a factor that influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
What is a factor that influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
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What percentage of yellow fever cases progress to a more severe form of the disease?
What percentage of yellow fever cases progress to a more severe form of the disease?
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What is the primary cause of halitosis?
What is the primary cause of halitosis?
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What is the name of the disease caused by the Ebola Virus?
What is the name of the disease caused by the Ebola Virus?
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What is a characteristic of the 'sterile' sites in the body?
What is a characteristic of the 'sterile' sites in the body?
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What is the name of the virus that causes most cases of atypical pneumonia?
What is the name of the virus that causes most cases of atypical pneumonia?
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What is the primary source of microbiota for a child?
What is the primary source of microbiota for a child?
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What is the name of the beneficial oral microbe?
What is the name of the beneficial oral microbe?
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What is one of the ways a healthy normal microbiota can aid the host?
What is one of the ways a healthy normal microbiota can aid the host?
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From where does most of your microbiota come?
From where does most of your microbiota come?
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What is a pellicle?
What is a pellicle?
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What are 'sterile' sites in the body?
What are 'sterile' sites in the body?
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What influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
What influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
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What is the primary cause of the destruction of gingival tissues?
What is the primary cause of the destruction of gingival tissues?
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What is the term for the disease that results from the progression of gingivitis?
What is the term for the disease that results from the progression of gingivitis?
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What is the primary role of the human microbiota in immunity?
What is the primary role of the human microbiota in immunity?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for SARS-CoV-2?
What is the primary mode of transmission for SARS-CoV-2?
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What is the primary cause of Enterovirus D68-associated symptoms?
What is the primary cause of Enterovirus D68-associated symptoms?
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What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota?
What is the primary function of the normal GI microbiota?
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What is the result of the progression of gingivitis?
What is the result of the progression of gingivitis?
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Which bacterium is commonly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis?
Which bacterium is commonly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis?
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What influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
What influences the development of the microbiota in the GI tract?
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What is the primary cause of halitosis?
What is the primary cause of halitosis?
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What percentage of yellow fever cases progress to a more severe form of the disease?
What percentage of yellow fever cases progress to a more severe form of the disease?
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What is the name of the virus that causes Covid-19?
What is the name of the virus that causes Covid-19?
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What is the primary source of microbiota for a child?
What is the primary source of microbiota for a child?
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What is the name of the disease caused by the Ebola Virus?
What is the name of the disease caused by the Ebola Virus?
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What is the name of the bacterium that causes most cavities?
What is the name of the bacterium that causes most cavities?
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Study Notes
Advantages of Healthy Normal Microbiota
- Aids in digestion of food.
- Produces essential nutrients and neurotransmitters.
- Supports the development of mucosal immunity.
- Offers protection against pathogenic microbe colonization.
Dominant Microbiota Species by Body Region
- Nose: Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp.
- Oral Cavity: Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces spp., Fusobacterium spp.
- Throat: Streptococcus spp., Haemophilus spp., Neisseria spp.
- Skin: Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes.
- Large Bowel: Diverse anaerobes including Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium spp., Clostridium spp.
- Vagina: Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Candida albicans.
Origin of Microbiota
- Most of an individual's microbiota is inherited from the mother.
Factors Influencing Microbiota
- Local Environment: pH, temperature, oxygen, water, and nutrient levels.
- Diet: Complex carbohydrates vs simple carbohydrates.
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Age Factors:
- Weaning: Alters GI microbiota.
- Tooth eruption: Affects oral microbiota.
- Ovarian function changes: Influences vaginal microbiota.
- Health Status: Overall health impacts microbiota composition.
- Antibiotic Treatments: Disrupt normal microbiota balance.
"Sterile" Body Regions
- Sites considered sterile include the sinuses, middle ear, brain, lower respiratory tract, bladder, cervix, and uterus.
Dental Plaque Description
- Comprises a multi-species ecosystem, predominantly featuring Streptococci as foundational organisms.
Importance of Pellicle
- A protein coating on tooth enamel, providing a binding site for Streptococci which are crucial in oral microbiology.
Key Oral Streptococci Members
- Streptococcus salivarius: Predominant in the healthy tongue microbiota, non-infectious.
- Streptococcus mutans: Key contributor to dental caries due to its acid-producing capability.
Microbial Pathogenesis of Caries
- Initiated by the initial colonization of tooth surfaces, leading to Strep mutans proliferation, incipient lesions, and, ultimately, cavitation.
Periodontitis Overview
- Follows gingivitis and involves inflammation and infection of periodontal ligaments and supporting bones.
- Common pathogens include:
- Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: A Gram-negative bacterium linked to localized aggressive periodontitis.
- Porphyromonas gingivalis: A Gram-negative anaerobe that destroys gum tissue and supports bone loss.
Gingivitis Description
- Characterized by inflammation and destruction of gingival tissues, commonly due to plaque accumulation.
Halitosis Bacterial Involvement
- Porphyromonas gingivalis: Known to cause halitosis through the release of sulfur compounds.
Major Immune Functions of Microbiota
- Occupy ecological niches providing a protective defense mechanism.
- Contribute to immunity by generating low levels of antibodies that can interact with pathogens.
Bacterial Causes of Infections
- Cavities: Primarily caused by Streptococcus mutans.
- Sinusitis: Common agents include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae.
- Urinary Tract Infection: Escherichia coli (~80%), Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus.
- Atypical Pneumonia: Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Significant Diseases and Corresponding Agents
- COVID-19: Caused by SARS-CoV-2, leading to mild to severe pneumonia.
- Ebola Virus: Causes hemorrhagic fever, transmitted through body fluids.
- Enterovirus D68: Linked to respiratory symptoms and severe conditions like Acute Flaccid Myelitis, resembling polio.
- Yellow Fever: Caused by Flavivirus fibricus; initially mild but can progress to severe symptoms including jaundice and bleeding.
Protective Measures Against Infections
- Essential strategies include wearing masks, practicing social distancing, maintaining good hygiene, controlling insect populations, and ensuring proper food safety practices. Vaccines are also crucial for preventing various diseases.### Oral Microbiology and Dental Disorders
- Streptococcus salivarius: Predominant tongue microbiota in healthy individuals; not linked to infectious diseases.
- Streptococcus mutans: Key bacterium in microbial pathogenesis of dental caries due to its ability to ferment carbohydrates and produce acids, leading to enamel erosion.
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Periodontitis: Severe dental disorder following gingivitis, marked by inflammation of the supporting ligaments and bone structures of teeth.
- Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans: Major causative agent of localized aggressive periodontitis; Gram-negative coccobacillus causing bone resorption and possessing several virulence factors.
- Porphyromonas gingivalis: Another contributory bacterium in adult periodontitis; a Gram-negative oral anaerobe that releases enzymes harmful to gum and bone tissue.
- Gingivitis: Inflammation and destruction of gingival tissues often due to plaque accumulation.
- Halitosis: Offensive breath condition, frequently caused by Porphyromonas release of sulfur compounds.
Human Microbiota and Its Significance
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Influences on Microbiota Composition:
- Child's microbiota is largely derived from the mother.
- Environmental factors such as pH, temperature, oxygen levels, water, and nutrient availability affect microbial growth.
- Dietary input impacts microbiota: complex carbohydrates promote beneficial bacteria versus simple sugars.
- Age-related factors: weaning, tooth development, menopause influence microbiota diversification.
- Health and antibiotic treatment significantly alter microbial populations.
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Benefits of a Healthy Microbiota:
- Aids digestion and nutrient production.
- Supports mucosal immunity development.
- Protects against pathogenic microbe colonization.
Locations and Dominant Microbial Species
- Nasal cavity: Dominated by Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium species.
- Oral cavity: Houses Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Fusobacterium species; significant for oral health and plaque formation.
- Skin: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes are prevalent.
- Large intestine: Contains an abundance of anaerobes, including Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium, and Clostridium.
- Vagina: Lactobacillus species are predominant contributors to vaginal health.
Oral Health Microbiology
- Dental Plaque: A multi-species ecosystem with a base layer of oral streptococci that inhibits harmful bacterial colonization.
- Pellicle Formation: A protein coating on tooth enamel that facilitates the adhesion of bacteria, crucial for microbiological understanding of oral health.
Pathogens and Disease Associations
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Causative Agents of Common Infections:
- Meningitis in Infants: Often related to E. coli.
- Respiratory Infections: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae are notable pathogens.
- Urinary Tract Infections: Predominantly caused by Escherichia coli (~80% of cases).
- Pneumonia: Mycoplasma pneumoniae is linked to atypical pneumonia cases.
Disease Management and Prevention
- Dental Hygiene: Regular care can mitigate risks of caries and periodontal diseases.
- Infection Control: Practices like hand hygiene, social distancing, and use of proper protective equipment help reduce disease spread.
- Vaccination efforts: Various ongoing vaccines for multiple diseases, including future prospects for dental diseases.
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Description
Learn about the benefits of a healthy normal microbiota, dominant species in different body regions, and the factors that influence microbiota. Explore how microbiota aid digestion, produce nutrients, and protect against pathogens.
