Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the basis of genotypic classification of bacteria?
What is the basis of genotypic classification of bacteria?
- Cultural characteristics and environmental factors
- DNA-DNA hybridization and G+C content (correct)
- Antigenic structure and nutrition
- Morphological characteristics
What is the main purpose of 16S rRNA sequences in classifying prokaryotes?
What is the main purpose of 16S rRNA sequences in classifying prokaryotes?
- To identify the shape of the bacterium
- To analyze the nucleotide sequence differences (correct)
- To detect the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
- To determine the G+C content of the DNA
Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria?
- They have a thick peptidoglycan layer (correct)
- They are halophiles
- They lack a cell wall
- They have a thin peptidoglycan layer
What is the primary function of genetic probes in DNA analysis?
What is the primary function of genetic probes in DNA analysis?
Which group of bacteria includes methanogens and extreme thermophiles?
Which group of bacteria includes methanogens and extreme thermophiles?
What is the primary basis of phenotypic classification of bacteria?
What is the primary basis of phenotypic classification of bacteria?
What is the main advantage of using rRNA sequence analysis in classifying prokaryotes?
What is the main advantage of using rRNA sequence analysis in classifying prokaryotes?
What is the primary characteristic of halophiles?
What is the primary characteristic of halophiles?
What is a characteristic of Archaea that distinguishes them from bacteria?
What is a characteristic of Archaea that distinguishes them from bacteria?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Eukaryotes?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Eukaryotes?
What is the name of the kingdom that includes protozoa in the Whittaker classification?
What is the name of the kingdom that includes protozoa in the Whittaker classification?
What is a characteristic of protozoa?
What is a characteristic of protozoa?
Which of the following is an example of an extreme environment that Archaea can thrive in?
Which of the following is an example of an extreme environment that Archaea can thrive in?
What is the term for organisms that are adapted to live in extreme environments?
What is the term for organisms that are adapted to live in extreme environments?
What is the key characteristic of heterotrophic organisms like fungi?
What is the key characteristic of heterotrophic organisms like fungi?
What is the primary source of energy and carbon for fungi?
What is the primary source of energy and carbon for fungi?
What is the common characteristic of the cells of fungi?
What is the common characteristic of the cells of fungi?
What is the term for the network of tubes that make up mushrooms?
What is the term for the network of tubes that make up mushrooms?
How many species of fungi are estimated to exist?
How many species of fungi are estimated to exist?
What is the characteristic of yeast fungi?
What is the characteristic of yeast fungi?
What is the primary basis for fungal classification?
What is the primary basis for fungal classification?
What is the term for the filaments that make up mycelia?
What is the term for the filaments that make up mycelia?
What is the primary method used to quantify viruses?
What is the primary method used to quantify viruses?
What is the study of viruses called?
What is the study of viruses called?
What are the two main components of a virus?
What are the two main components of a virus?
What is unique about retroviruses?
What is unique about retroviruses?
What is the primary function of the capsid?
What is the primary function of the capsid?
What is the classification of viruses based on?
What is the classification of viruses based on?
What is a characteristic of viroids?
What is a characteristic of viroids?
What is a characteristic of prions?
What is a characteristic of prions?
What is the name of the domain that includes humans, animals, and plants?
What is the name of the domain that includes humans, animals, and plants?
What does the prefix 'pro' mean in the term 'prokaryotes'?
What does the prefix 'pro' mean in the term 'prokaryotes'?
What is the level of classification that is used to identify each creature in binomial nomenclature?
What is the level of classification that is used to identify each creature in binomial nomenclature?
What is the term for the naming system used to identify microorganisms?
What is the term for the naming system used to identify microorganisms?
What is the correct way to write the genus name in binomial nomenclature?
What is the correct way to write the genus name in binomial nomenclature?
What is the characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
What is the characteristic that distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
What is the order of classification in the taxonomic hierarchy?
What is the order of classification in the taxonomic hierarchy?
What is the abbreviation for the species Escherichia coli?
What is the abbreviation for the species Escherichia coli?
Flashcards are hidden until you start studying
Study Notes
Cell Classification
- Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
- Bacteria: prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan, binary fission, energy from organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
- Archaea: prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments, include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles
- Eukarya: eukaryotic cells, have a nucleus, organelles, reproduce asexually or sexually, examples include protozoans, molds, plants, and animals
Taxonomic Hierarchy
- Domain: highest level of classification
- Kingdom: second level of classification
- Phylum: third level of classification
- Class: fourth level of classification
- Order: fifth level of classification
- Family: sixth level of classification
- Genus: seventh level of classification
- Species: eighth level of classification
Binomial Nomenclature
- Uses Genus and Species names to identify each creature
- Examples: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis
Microorganism Classification
- Phenotypic classification: based on shape, size, and staining
- Genotypic classification: based on DNA-DNA hybridization, G+C content, and rRNA sequence
Bacteria Shapes
- Three main shapes: Cocci, Bacilli, and Spiral
Cell Wall Composition
- Four groups: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, bacteria without cell walls, and bacteria with chemically unique cell walls
rRNA Sequence
- Used to classify prokaryotes
- 16S rRNA sequences and 23S rRNA sequences are used
Archaea
- Prokaryotes, lack peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments
- Include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles
Eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic cells, have a nucleus, organelles, reproduce asexually or sexually
- Examples include protozoans, molds, plants, and animals
Kingdom Protista
- Microscopic unicellular organisms, lack photosynthetic capability, usually motile, reproduce by asexual fission
- Examples include protozoans
Kingdom Fungi
- Heterotrophic, require organic compounds for energy and carbon source
- Cells are usually organized into branched, multinucleate filaments which absorb digested food from the external environment
- Examples include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms
Fungal Characteristics
- Chitin cell walls, use organic chemicals for energy, multicellular consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
- Yeasts are unicellular
Viruses
- Acellular, obligate intracellular parasites, no ribosomes or means of protein synthesis, no ATP generating system
- Not alive
- Classified based on type of genomic nucleic acid, size of virion and genome, capsid structure, host, and replication mechanism
Virus Structure
- Two parts: nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) and capsid (protein coat)
- Some capsids surrounded by envelopes
Viroids and Prions
- Viroids: infectious pieces of naked RNA, cause plant diseases, 300-400 nucleotides long, closed, folded 3D shape
- Prions: infectious proteins, cause diseases such as Mad cow and Creutzfeldt-Jakob
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
