85 Questions
What is the main focus of Taxonomy?
Classifying living organisms based on common characteristics
Why are microorganisms classified based on common characteristics?
For easy identification
What is the significance of E.coli in medical microbiology?
It serves as a model organism for studying human pathogens
Which type of cells always have a true nucleus?
Eukaryotic cells
What structure is unique to prokaryotic cells?
70S ribosome
Which domain of life includes cells that live in extreme environments?
Archaea
Which type of organisms lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles?
Bacteria
Who is credited with the development of the microscope and the first observation of microorganisms?
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
What is the branch of biology that deals with the study of parasites, including their taxonomy and interactions with hosts?
Parasitology
What is the term for an imbalance or disruption in the normal microbiota of a particular environment?
Dysbiosis
Who proposed the Germ Theory, suggesting that certain diseases are caused by microorganisms invading the body?
Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur jointly
What is the term for organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles?
Eukaryotes
What is the difference between infection and disease?
Infection is the damage to the host's normal bodily functions, while disease refers to the presence and growth of a microorganism within a host organism.
How did Louis Pasteur contribute to microbiology?
All of the above
Which statement accurately describes Koch's Postulate?
It outlines criteria to establish a causal relationship between a specific microorganism and a particular disease.
Which historical pandemic was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis?
Black Death
What is the primary difference between pathogenicity and virulence of microorganisms?
Pathogenicity defines the ability to cause disease, while virulence indicates the severity of the disease produced.
What was Antony van Leeuwenhoek's significant contribution to microbiology?
Invented the microscope.
What is the primary purpose of bioremediation?
To clean up hazardous chemicals in soil and water.
Which individual is associated with introducing handwashing to prevent puerperal fever?
Ignaz Semmelweis
A true nucleus is a characteristic of which type of cells?
Eukaryotic cells
What did Louis Pasteur develop to prevent spoilage in wine and beer?
'Pasteurization'
'The Semmelweis reflex' refers to resistance towards what?
'New evidence or knowledge'
Which field benefits from utilizing beneficial microorganisms for health advantages such as improved gut flora?
Probiotics therapy
What is the term used to describe an imbalance in microbiota that can lead to various diseases like diabetes and depression?
Microbial dysbiosis
Louis Pasteur developed the process of fermentation to prevent spoilage in wine and beer.
False
Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic techniques using iodine.
False
Normal microbiota refers to the harmful microorganisms inhabiting the human body without causing disease.
False
The Black Death pandemic was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
True
Taxonomy involves classifying living organisms into groups based on different characteristics.
False
Bacterial cells are classified based on their cell wall types into three domains: Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and Gram-neutral.
False
The Semmelweis reflex refers to the immediate acceptance of new evidence contradicting established beliefs.
False
The incubation period for E.coli infection ranges from 5 to 15 days.
False
Biological treatment to clean up hazardous chemicals in soil and water is known as bioengineering.
False
Eukaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and include bacteria.
False
Explain the difference between infection and disease.
Infection refers to the presence and growth of a microorganism within a host organism, while disease refers to damage or impairment to the host's normal bodily functions due to the presence of a pathogenic organism.
What is the historical significance of the Plague of Justinian?
The Plague of Justinian, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis in the 6th century, had significant historical impacts.
Explain the concept of Germ Theory and its impact on medicine.
Germ Theory proposed that diseases are caused by microorganisms invading the body, revolutionizing medicine.
What are the contributions of Louis Pasteur to microbiology?
Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation, developed pasteurization, and pioneered vaccination against diseases like anthrax and rabies.
Explain the Semmelweis Reflex and its implications.
The Semmelweis Reflex refers to the resistance to new evidence that contradicts established beliefs or practices.
How did Joseph Lister contribute to the field of surgery?
Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic techniques using carbolic acid.
Explain the impact of microbiology on disease mortality over time.
Advancements in medical microbiology and public health interventions have reduced mortality from infectious diseases.
What is the importance of normal microbiota in the human body?
Normal microbiota influence health and help prevent the colonization of harmful pathogens.
Describe the process of bioremediation and its application.
Bioremediation is a biological treatment to clean up hazardous chemicals in soil and water.
Explain the concept of Taxonomy in microbiology and its significance.
Taxonomy involves classifying living organisms into groups based on common characteristics, aiding in the organization and study of diverse microorganisms.
The study of parasites is known as ______
parasitology
Pathogenic microorganisms are capable of causing ______
disease
Louis Pasteur pioneered vaccination against diseases like anthrax and ______
rabies
The resistance to new evidence or knowledge that contradicts established beliefs or practices is called the ______ reflex
Semmelweis
The leading causes of death have evolved over time, with advancements in medical microbiology and public health interventions reducing mortality from ______ diseases
infectious
Microorganisms play crucial roles in producing food items such as beer, wine, bread, and ______
soy sauce
Binomial nomenclature consists of a genus and specific ______
epithet
An imbalance in microbiota is linked to various diseases, including diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and ______
depression
The incubation period for E.coli infection ranges from 1 to 10 ______
days
Microorganisms categorized into three domains include Bacteria, Archaea, and ______
Eukarya
Match the following historical pandemics with the causative bacterium:
Plague of Justinian (6th Century) = Yersinia pestis Black Death (14th Century) = Yersinia pestis
Match the microbiologist with their contribution to microbiology:
Joseph Lister = Introduced antiseptic techniques using carbolic acid Antony van Leeuwenhoek = Invented the microscope for microbiological observations Louis Pasteur = Disproved spontaneous generation through experiments with swan neck flasks
Match the type of cells with their characteristics:
Prokaryotic Cells = Lack a true nucleus and include bacteria Eukaryotic Cells = Contain a true nucleus and comprise fungi, protozoa, and algae
Match the microbiology concept with its definition:
Pathogenicity = Refers to microorganisms capable of causing disease Virulence = The degree of pathogenicity exhibited by a microorganism Normal Microbiota/Normal Flora = Diverse community of microorganisms inhabiting the human body without causing disease Binomial Nomenclature = Naming system consisting of a genus and specific epithet
Match the technological advancement with its contribution to microbiology:
Antony van Leeuwenhoek's invention of the microscope = Revolutionized observation of microorganisms Louis Pasteur's experiments = Disproved spontaneous generation and led to pasteurization
Match the microbiologist with their contribution:
Joseph Lister = Introduced antiseptic techniques using carbolic acid Ignaz Semmelweis = Advocated handwashing to prevent puerperal fever in maternity wards Antony van Leeuwenhoek = Invented the microscope Louis Pasteur = Disproved spontaneous generation and developed pasteurization
Match the historical pandemic with the causative bacterium:
Plague of Justinian = Yersinia pestis Black Death = Yersinia pestis None of the above = Influenza virus
Match the domain of life with its characteristics:
Bacteria = Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls Archaea = Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan, often found in extreme environments Eukarya = Organisms with a true nucleus None of the above = Single-celled organisms only
Match the cell type with its description:
Prokaryotic Cells = Lack a true nucleus and include bacteria Eukaryotic Cells = Contain a true nucleus and comprise fungi, protozoa, and algae None of the above = Only found in extreme environments
Match the concept with its definition:
Binomial Nomenclature = Species naming system consisting of a genus and specific epithet Taxonomy = Classification of living organisms into groups based on common characteristics Dysbiosis = Imbalance in microbiota linked to various diseases Bioremediation = Biological treatment to clean up hazardous chemicals in soil and water
The study of parasites is known as ______________
parasitology
Pathogenic microorganisms are capable of causing ______________
disease
Taxonomy involves classifying living organisms into groups based on common ______________
characteristics
Microorganisms play crucial roles in producing food items such as beer, wine, bread, and ________
soy sauce
An imbalance in microbiota that can lead to various diseases like diabetes and depression is called ______________
dysbiosis
Explain the impact of the Germ Theory on the field of medicine.
The Germ Theory revolutionized medicine by proposing that diseases are caused by microorganisms, leading to advancements in disease prevention and treatment.
Describe Koch's Postulate and its significance in microbiology.
Koch's Postulate outlines criteria to establish a causal relationship between a specific microorganism and a particular disease, aiding in the identification of pathogens.
What is the Semmelweis reflex and why is it relevant in the context of scientific progress?
The Semmelweis reflex refers to the resistance to new evidence or knowledge that contradicts established beliefs or practices, hindering acceptance of innovative ideas.
Discuss the historical significance of the Plague of Justinian and its impact on society.
The Plague of Justinian, caused by Yersinia pestis, was a significant pandemic in the 6th century that led to widespread death and economic disruption, shaping historical events.
Explain the concept of dysbiosis and its implications for human health.
Dysbiosis refers to an imbalance in microbiota linked to diseases like diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and depression, highlighting the importance of a healthy microbial community.
Normal microbiota refers to the harmful microorganisms inhabiting the human body without causing disease.
False
The Black Death pandemic was caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
True
Louis Pasteur developed pasteurization to prevent spoilage in wine and beer.
True
Antony van Leeuwenhoek's invention of the microscope contributed to the acceptance of the Germ Theory.
True
Dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbiota, is not linked to various diseases like diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and depression.
False
Which scientist introduced antiseptic techniques using carbolic acid?
Joseph Lister
What is the primary difference between Archaea and Bacteria?
Cell wall composition
What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek contribute to microbiology?
Invented the microscope
What is the purpose of binomial nomenclature in taxonomy?
To name species with two terms
What is the significance of Koch's Postulate in microbiology?
Establishes a causal relationship between a microorganism and disease
Study Notes
Microbiology Study Notes
Microbiology Terms
- Nucleus: A membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities.
- Nucleoid area: A region in prokaryotic cells where genetic material (DNA) is located, but not enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus.
- Organelles: Specialized structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.
- Peptidoglycan: A structural component of bacterial cell walls, consisting of a complex polymer of sugars and amino acids.
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Prokaryotes: Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotes: Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Key differences: Prokaryotes have a single, unique round DNA structure, 70S ribosomes, and are always single-celled, while eukaryotes have linear DNA structures, 80S ribosomes, and can be single- or multi-celled.
Domains of Life
- Bacteria: Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls, categorized by cell wall types, and known as "true bacteria".
- Archaea: Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan, found in extreme environments.
- Eukarya: All cells with a true nucleus, including eukaryotic cells.
Classification and Naming
- Binomial nomenclature: A system of naming organisms using a two-part name consisting of genus and species.
- Scientific name: A specific name for an organism, written in a specific format (e.g., Homo sapiens).
Microbiology and Health
- Dysbiosis: An imbalance or disruption in the normal microbiota of a particular environment, such as the human gut.
- Normal microbiota: The community of microorganisms that colonize the body surfaces of multicellular organisms, playing a crucial role in human health.
Microbiology and Disease
- Pathogen: An organism or agent capable of causing disease in a host organism.
- Infectious disease: A disease caused by pathogenic microorganisms.
- Toxins: Substances produced by microorganisms that can cause disease or harm to a host organism.
Scientific Method and Theory
- Scientific Method: A systematic approach to scientific inquiry, involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, data analysis, and conclusion drawing.
- Scientific Theory: A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of evidence, observation, experimentation, and reasoning.
History of Microbiology
- Louis Pasteur: A French microbiologist and chemist who made significant contributions to the field of microbiology, including vaccination, pasteurization, and microbial fermentation.
- Antony van Leeuwenhoek: A Dutch scientist who is credited with the development of the microscope and the first observation of microorganisms.
Applications of Microbiology
- Bioremediation: The use of microorganisms to degrade or neutralize pollutants in the environment.
- Food production: Microorganisms play a crucial role in food production, such as in the production of yogurt, soy sauce, and bread.
- Probiotics: Live microorganisms that confer health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.### Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells (prokaryotes):
- No true nucleus
- Single unique round DNA structure
- Unique 70S ribosome
- Always single-celled
- Eukaryotic cells (eukaryotes):
- True nucleus
- Linear DNA structure
- 80S ribosome
- Makes up single or multi-celled creatures
Domains of Life
- Bacteria:
- Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls (usually)
- Categorized by cell wall types (and more)
- Gram positives and Gram negatives
- Contains unique ribosomes
- Kingdom of true bacteria is "Eubacteria"
- Archaea:
- Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan, live in extreme environments
- Eukarya:
- All cells with a true nucleus (named after its eukaryotic members)
- Eukaryotic
- Lots of membrane-enclosed organelles
Species/Scientific Names
- Binomial system of nomenclature:
- The most specific group is called the species (scientific name)
- Examples: Homo sapiens (H.sapiens), Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus)
The Domain
- The Kingdom
- The Genus
- The specific epithet
- The order of classification (i.e., Domain to species (strain))
Strains
- "E.coli":
- Domain: Bacteria
- Kingdom: Eubacteria
- Phylum (Division): Proteobacteria
- Class: Zymobacteria
- Order: Enterobacteriales
- Family: Enterobacteriaceae
- Genus: Escherichia
- Specific Epithet: coli
- Species: Escherichia coli (E.coli)
- Strain (FYI: A.k.a., serotype/serovar) depends on genes (ex. O157:H7)
- "Staph.!":
- Domain: Bacteria
- Kingdom: Eubacteria
- Phylum (Division): Firmicutes
- Class: Bacilli
- Order: Bacillales
- Family: Staphylococcaceae
- Genus: Staphylococcus
- Specific Epithet: aureus
- Species: Staphylococcus aureus
Microbial Communities and Disease
- Supports the study of microbial communities in and on our bodies and their impact on human health
- Disease and Dysbiosis:
- Imbalance – overgrowth or undergrowth of some species
- Microbiota are linked to various diseases:
- Sugar Metabolism-Type II Diabetes
- Lipid Production-bad cholesterol numbers
- Irritable Bowl Syndrome/Crohn’s Disease
- Postmenopausal bone density loss
- Depression
Transmission and Incubation Period
- Transmission:
- Fecal contamination (fecal/oral route)
- Fresh produce – (water) irrigation, runoff
- Handling sources
- Food prep
- Handling
- Uncooked meat and other foods
- Municipal water
- Places of poor hygiene
- Day care centers
- Incubation Period:
- Average is 3-4 days after exposure
- Range 1 - 10 days
Bacterial Toxins
- E.coli can make both types
- There are two categories of bacterial toxins:
- Endotoxins:
- Part of the outer membrane
- Comes automatically with most Gram-negative bacteria
- Fever –> shock
- Exotoxins:
- Protein toxins released into the host to circulate and find target cells
- E.coli’s Shiga-like toxin can attack and destroy kidney cells### Microbiology Chapter 1 Objectives
- Endotoxins:
- Define terms related to microbiology
- Describe the diversity of microorganisms
- Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- Compare the three Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
- Explain how organisms are classified and named using basic taxonomic rules
- Define the characteristics of the Scientific Method and its importance
- Compare and contrast hypothesis and scientific theory
- Describe Koch's Postulate and its relation to the Germ Theory and modern medicine
- Describe the contributions of Louis Pasteur
- Explain how the scientific name of an organism is written
- Understand the evidence that links normal microbiota and health
- Describe the significance of E. coli in medical microbiology
Diversity of Microorganisms
- Microorganisms are classified based on common characteristics, usually genetic
- Taxonomy is the science of classifying living organisms
- Scientist put living creatures into groups or taxa according to common characteristics
Cell Types
- Prokaryotic cells:
- No true nucleus
- Single unique round DNA structure
- Unique 70S ribosome
- Always single-celled
- Eukaryotic cells:
- True nucleus
- Linear DNA structure
- 80S ribosome
- Makes up single or multi-celled creatures
Domains of Life
- Bacteria:
- Prokaryotes with peptidoglycan cell walls (usually)
- Categorized by cell wall types (and more)
- Gram positives
- Gram negatives
- Etc.
- Archaea:
- Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan, live in extremes
- Eukarya:
- All cells with a true nucleus (named after its eukaryotic members)
- Eukaryotic
- Lots of membrane-enclosed organelles
Species/Scientific Names
- The most specific group is called the species (scientific name)
- Examples: Homo sapiens (H. sapiens), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)
- The Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Specific Epithet are all part of the classification system
Strains
- "E. coli" - Domain: Bacteria - Kingdom: Eubacteria - Phylum: Proteobacteria - Class: Zymobacteria - Order: Enterobacteriales - Family: Enterobacteriaceae - Genus: Escherichia - Specific Epithet: coli - Species: Escherichia coli (E. coli) - Strain (FYI: A.k.a., serotype/serovar) depends on genes (ex. O157:H7)
Disease and Dysbiosis
- Imbalance - overgrowth or undergrowth of some species
- Microbiota are linked to various diseases:
- Sugar metabolism - Type II Diabetes
- Lipid production - bad cholesterol numbers
- Irritable Bowl Syndrome/Crohn's Disease
- Postmenopausal bone density loss
- Depression
Transmission
- Fecal contamination (fecal/oral route)
- Fresh produce - (water) irrigation, runoff
- Handling sources
- Food prep
- Handling
- Uncooked meat and other foods
- Municipal water
- Places of poor hygiene
- Day care centers
Incubation Period
- Average is 3-4 days after exposure
- Range 1-10 days
Bacterial Toxins
- E. coli can make both types
- There are two categories of bacterial toxins:
- Endotoxins - part of the outer membrane
- Exotoxins - protein toxins released into the host to circulate and find target cells
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