Microbiology Study on Bacterial Genes in Water

Soluble proteins secreted by bacteria, often consisting of two parts: one for binding to host cells and another for causing harm.

A specific type of exotoxin that affects the intestines, causing watery diarrhea by stimulating fluid secretion.

A gene encoding for Enterotoxin A, often carried by phages, which can transfer horizontally to other bacteria.

A family of viruses that infect bacteria, carrying genes that can alter bacterial properties.

The transfer of genetic material between bacteria via mechanisms other than direct inheritance, like through phages.

A group of genes involved in the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), which helps bacteria stick together and form biofilms.

A complex community of microorganisms attached to a surface and encased in a slimy matrix.

A substance produced by bacteria that helps them adhere to surfaces and form biofilms.

The process by which bacteria attach to a surface and begin to form a biofilm.

Individual bacteria moving freely in a liquid environment.

The stage of biofilm formation where individual bacteria initially attach to a surface.

The stage of biofilm formation where attached bacteria start to grow and multiply, forming a complex structure.

The stage of biofilm formation where bacteria detach from the biofilm and disperse into the surrounding environment.

A type of bacterial motility that involves rotating flagella to propel the bacteria through liquid.

A type of bacterial motility that involves extensions called pili that help the bacteria move across surfaces.

A protein that contributes to the formation of PIA by transferring N-acetylglucosamine molecules to the growing polysaccharide chain.

A protein that ensures the correct folding and insertion of IcaA into the bacterial membrane.

A bacterial enzyme that removes acetyl groups from mature PIA.

A transmembrane protein that extends the growing polysaccharide chain during PIA synthesis.

A regulatory protein that binds to the icaA promoter region and can suppress the expression of the ica operon.

The process of amplifying a specific DNA sequence using PCR.

The separation of DNA fragments based on their size by applying an electric current to a gel.

The gene encoding for enterotoxin A, which can be used as a marker for the presence of enterotoxin-producing bacteria.

The genes encoding for the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), which are associated with biofilm formation.

The percentage of bacteria in a sample that were found to carry a specific gene.

Water that is treated to remove impurities and contaminants.

Water that is stored in tanks or pipes for later use.

Water that comes directly from your tap.

The ability of bacteria to stick to surfaces and form biofilms.

The increased ability of bacteria to cause disease due to factors like toxin production or biofilm formation.