Microbiology Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

Which category of microorganisms is NOT classified as prokaryotic?

  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Fungi (correct)
  • Blue-green algae

    • Which type of microbe is known for its ability to survive in extremely salty or high temperature environments?

  • Archaea (correct)
  • Fungi
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses

    • Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?

  • They consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
  • They can reproduce independently. (correct)
  • They are non-cellular.
  • They are visible only through electron microscopy.

    • What is the term used for the metabolically active, growing phase of bacteria, which can potentially cause infection?

    <p>Vegetative form (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prions are unique infectious agents because they lack:

    <p>Nucleic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which branch of microbiology focuses on the study and control of disease-causing microorganisms in populations?

    <p>Public health microbiology and epidemiology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of how microbes are involved in our lives?

    <p>Formation of clouds in the atmosphere (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of algae within an ecosystem?

    <p>Production of oxygen through photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of prokaryotic organisms?

    <p>They contain organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows some bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions by forming a resistant, non-growing structure?

    <p>Sporulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Packaging and shipping cellular products (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of inflammation?

    <p>Coldness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies?

    <p>Plasma cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between nonspecific and specific defense mechanisms against infection?

    <p>Nonspecific mechanisms provide a rapid response, while specific mechanisms take longer to develop. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of phagocyte involved in the nonspecific defense mechanism?

    <p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferons in nonspecific defense?

    <p>Protecting uninfected cells from viral infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity is primarily responsible for protecting against viral infections?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is responsible for converting light energy into chemical energy?

    <p>Chloroplasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of memory cells in both T-cell and B-cell immunity?

    <p>Memory cells help to accelerate the immune response upon a second encounter with the same antigen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cilia in the respiratory tract?

    <p>Transport substances across the cell surface (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flora remain for a few hours, days, or months before disappearing?

    <p>Transient flora (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mode of transmission involves the transfer of pathogens through nonliving objects?

    <p>Indirect contact transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes droplet transmission?

    <p>Pathogens are transmitted through respiratory droplets within less than a meter (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gastrointestinal disease is NOT associated with water-borne transmission?

    <p>Malaria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are biological vectors responsible for?

    <p>Biting and transmitting pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does applied microbiology play in agriculture?

    <p>Manufacturing of fertilizers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of bodily fluid transmission?

    <p>Blood transfusions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these methods is NOT a mode of transmission for infectious agents?

    <p>Direct airflow transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these products are made possible through applied microbiology?

    <p>Penicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of opportunistic pathogens?

    <p>Become harmful when the balance of normal flora is disrupted (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Microbiology

    The study of organisms too small to see without a microscope.

    Microorganisms

    Tiny organisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and more.

    Immunology

    The study of the immune system and its response to pathogens.

    Prokaryotes

    Unicellular organisms without a nucleus, like bacteria and archaea.

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    Eukaryotes

    Organisms that have a mature nucleus, including fungi and protozoa.

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    Taxonomy

    The science of naming and classifying organisms into groups.

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    Viruses

    Noncellular agents made of nucleic acid and a protein coat.

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    Sporulation

    Process by which bacteria form spores to survive unfavorable conditions.

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    Bioremediation

    Using microbes to clean up environmental pollutants.

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    Prions

    Infectious proteins that lack nucleic acids, affecting normal proteins.

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    Germination

    When spores change to vegetative form due to improved conditions.

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    Mitochondria

    Powerhouse of the cell; produces ATP for energy.

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    Ribosomes

    Granules that synthesize proteins, found freely or on ER.

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    Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

    Network for lipid and protein synthesis; has smooth and rough types.

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    Golgi Apparatus

    Packaging and shipping center of the cell, connected to ER.

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    Lysosomes

    Sacs containing enzymes that digest waste and harmful particles.

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    Phagocytosis

    Process in which cells engulf pathogens; involves neutrophils and macrophages.

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    Inflammation

    Nonspecific response to injury or infection with signs like redness and swelling.

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    Cell-mediated Immunity

    Immunity produced by T-cells against viruses and fungi.

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    Antibody-mediated Immunity

    Immunity produced by B-cells primarily against bacteria.

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    Transient Flora

    Microorganisms that remain for a short time before disappearing.

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    Opportunistic Pathogens

    Normal flora that become harmful when balance is disrupted.

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    Contact Transmission

    Spread of pathogens through direct or indirect contact.

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    Droplet Transmission

    Infectious agents spread via respiratory droplets over short distances.

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    Airborne Transmission

    Pathogens spread through the air over distances greater than one meter.

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    Water-borne Transmission

    Infection spread through untreated water sources and contaminated food.

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    Bodily Fluid Transmission

    Spread of pathogens through blood, saliva, or other bodily fluids.

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    Vector Transmission

    Pathogens spread by animals, especially insects.

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    Biological Vectors

    Living organisms, like insects, that actively transmit pathogens.

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    Pharmaceutical Agents

    Microbes used to create medicines, such as penicillin.

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    Study Notes

    Microbiology

    • Study of organisms too small to see without magnification
    • Originated with the invention of the microscope
    • Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), algae, and prions

    Branches of Study

    • Immunology
    • Public health microbiology and epidemiology
    • Food, dairy, and aquatic microbiology
    • Biotechnology
    • Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
    • Manipulating genes

    Microbes and their Roles

    • Nutrient production and energy flow
    • Decomposition
    • Biotechnology (food, drugs, vaccines)
    • Genetic engineering
    • Bioremediation
    • Infectious disease

    Classification of Microorganisms (Protists)

    I. Cellular

    • Prokaryotes: No nucleus or primitive nucleus (pro=before, karyon=nucleus)
      • Examples: Archaea, bacteria, blue-green algae
    • Eukaryotes: Mature nucleus
      • Examples: Algae (other than blue-green), fungi, and protozoans

    II. Non-Cellular

    • Viruses, viroids, prions

    Taxonomy

    • Formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living organisms

    • Bacteria: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms

    • Archaea: Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms living in extreme environments (high salt, extreme temperatures)

    • Algae: Eukaryotic organisms, performing photosynthesis

    • Fungi: Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms

    • Protozoa: Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular organisms

    • Viruses: Noncellular, observed only through electron microscopy; consist of NA surrounded by a protein coat

    • Viroids: Noncellular, plant pathogens consisting of RNA

    • Virusoids: Noncellular, plant pathogens, including one that infects humans (HDV)

    • Prions: Noncellular, normal animal proteins that become infectious (lack NA)

    Bacterial Life Cycle

    • Vegetative Form: Metabolically active, growing, and multiplying, capable of causing infections.
    • Spore Form: Inert, resting, non-growing, and non-multiplying, highly resistant; forms in unfavorable environments.

    Cytoplasmic Organelles

    • Mitochondria: Long, fluid-filled sacs (power sites) containing ATP
    • Ribosomes: Small granules of RNA (protein synthesis)
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis
      • Rough ER: Protein synthesis
    • Golgi Apparatus: Flat sacs, connected to ER, involved in packaging.
    • Lysosomes: Sacs containing digestive enzymes
    • Centrioles: Rod-shaped structures involved in cell division
    • Cilia: Short, numerous hair-like projections, used for movement
    • Flagella: Long, few structures used for movement
    • Chloroplasts: In algae and plant cells, convert solar energy into chemical energy (photosynthesis)

    Defense Mechanisms Against Infection

    • Nonspecific mechanisms: Act against all harmful agents, providing nonspecific resistance
    • Specific mechanisms: Act against certain agents, providing specific resistance (immunity)

    Modes of Transmission

    • Contact transmission: Direct physical contact or indirect contact via fomites (nonliving objects)
    • Droplet transmission: Respiratory droplets traveling less than 1 meter
    • Airborne transmission: Organism travels more than 1 meter
    • Waterborne & Foodborne transmission: Through water or contaminated food
    • Bodily fluid transmission: Through blood, urine, saliva, etc.
    • Vector transmission: Animals, especially arthropods, carrying the pathogen

    Applied Microbiology

    • Food production (e.g., yogurt, bread, alcoholic beverages)
    • Water treatment
    • Pharmaceutical agents (e.g., penicillin)
    • Agriculture (e.g., fertilizers)
    • Bioremediation (e.g., petroleum)
    • Forensics (e.g., medicine, criminal justice, bioterrorism)
    • Energy (e.g., ethanol, methane)

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