Microbiology Quiz

Human Transmission of Brucella

• Human transmission of Brucella occurs through ingestion of contaminated meat, infected milk, and direct contact with animal tissues.

Gram-Positive Bacteria Structures

• Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan (murein) layer and teichoic acid, but lack an outer membrane.
• Plasma membrane is present in gram-positive bacteria.

Murein Hydrolysis

• Lysozyme is the enzyme that hydrolyzes murein, a component of bacterial cell walls.

Clostridium Species Virulence Factors

• Virulence factors of Clostridium species include production of toxins, such as botulinum and tetanus toxins, and possession of capsules, which aid in evasion of host immune systems.

Risk Factors of Tuberculosis

• Risk factors for tuberculosis include HIV/AIDS, diabetes, smoking, and chronic kidney disease, which weaken the immune system and increase susceptibility to infection.

Prevention and Control of Vibrio cholera

• Prevention and control of Vibrio cholera involve proper waste disposal, provision of clean water, and good hygiene practices, as well as vaccination and antibiotic treatment for infected individuals.

Transmission and Epidemiology of Gonococcal Diseases

• Transmission of gonococcal diseases occurs through sexual contact, and epidemiology studies have identified high-risk populations, such as young adults and those with multiple sexual partners.

Gram-Positive vs. Gram-Negative Cell Wall Structure

• Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan (murein) layer and teichoic acid, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides.

Endotoxin vs. Exotoxin

• Endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, while exotoxins are proteins produced by bacteria, such as botulinum and tetanus toxins, that can cause cell damage and death.