Microbiology: Infections and Pathogenic Bacteria

<p>Clostridium difficile (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for the identification of antibiotic resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria that require specific growth factors or conditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty in isolating individual pathogens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are the form that infects mosquitoes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filobasidiella neoformans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trichophyton interdigitale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wheat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It damages or causes alterations in the reproductive tract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aflatoxin B1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fusarium and Aspergillus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause alterations in the reproductive tract. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aspergillus and Penicillium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To convert RNA into DNA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group 6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Egg observation in stool (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They develop from normal microflora becoming opportunistic pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reverse transcriptase enzyme (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muri form spores with transverse and longitudinal septa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain essential nutrients for growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both have double-stranded RNA genomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By escaping into the cytoplasm after phagocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transmission electron microscope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It differentiates vibrio species based on their fermentation capabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood culture sampling (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Citrate medium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause disease in healthy individuals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To isolate polymicrobial infections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Culture and sensitivity testing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilization of anaerobic chambers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Employing PCR or molecular tools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isolation difficulty (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus epidermidis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combining culture with PCR methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Food poisoning that requires a hospital admission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combining the scores for the first three tests in each group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filobasidiella neoformans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A positive score of 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Group 1: ONPG, ADH, LDC; Group 2: ODC, CIT, H2S (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5-1-4-7-3-0-2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are acquired during hospital stays or healthcare interventions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate a healthy individual after a routine check-up (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An infection caused by microorganisms normally present in the body that become pathogenic under certain conditions.

The process by which bacteria attach to host cells, providing access to nutrients and helping bacteria colonize the host by resisting being flushed out of the body.

A bacterial pathogen that evades phagocytosis by escaping the phagosome into the cytoplasm, where it can replicate and evade the host's immune defenses.

The type of microscope needed to visualize the small size of phage particles.

A differential agent used in TCBS medium, allowing it to differentiate vibrio species based on their ability to ferment sucrose.

A technique used to analyze the presence of microorganisms in liquid patient samples by inoculating them into sterile aerobic and anaerobic growth media and monitoring turbidity.

The ability of a pathogen to cause disease.

A microbe or virus that causes disease.

Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) are infections acquired during hospital stays or healthcare interventions.

Food poisoning is not considered an HCAI because it is typically acquired outside of a healthcare setting. It is a pre-existing condition.

A biochemical profile index (API) is a system for identifying bacteria based on their biochemical reactions.

The API 20E strip is a specific type of API test that uses a panel of 20 biochemical reactions to identify bacteria.

To calculate the API code, each reaction on the strip is scored with a value of 1, 2, or 4, depending on the result of the test. These scores are then combined to get the final API code.

The API code 5-1-4-7-3-0-2 represents a unique set of biochemical reactions that identifies a specific bacterium.

Filobasidiella neoformans is a fungus that can cause deep-seated infections in human.

Other options like Puccinia recondite, Diplocarpon rosae, Erysiphe alphitoides are plant pathogens and do not cause infections in humans.

A fungal pathogen that causes cryptococcal meningitis and is the teleomorph (sexual form) of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Fungi that infect keratinized tissue (skin, hair, nails).

A mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus species, often found in improperly stored grains like wheat, corn, and peanuts.

A group of mycotoxins produced primarily by Fusarium species.

Compounds that mimic or disrupt estrogen activity, causing changes in the reproductive system.

A fungal pathogen that causes a variety of infections, including athlete's foot, ringworm, and jock itch.

Aflatoxin B1 has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, indicating its potential to cause human cancer.

An organism that carries the potential to cause disease under certain conditions.

A mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species known for its potential health risks, including kidney damage.

A fungal genus characterized by its brush-like conidia (spores).

A fungal genus known for its conidiophores with a bulbous head, resembling a tiny flask.

A fungal genus characterized by banana-shaped or canoe-shaped conidia.

A method used to classify viruses based on their genome type and replication strategy.

A group of viruses within the Baltimore Classification System characterized by their single-stranded RNA genome that is reverse-transcribed into DNA, like HIV.

A virus that uses reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA genome into DNA.

A common method for diagnosing Schistosomiasis, involving the examination of stool or urine samples for the presence of parasite eggs.

Multiple bacterial species identified in a single sample, making isolation and identification challenging.

Bacteria that require specialized nutrients, making them tricky to culture in standard media.

Bacteria that can't grow in the presence of oxygen, requiring specific culture conditions.

Very low numbers of bacteria present in a sample, making detection difficult.

Distinguishing between pathogenic bacteria and harmless bacteria that are normally present in the body.

Bacteria that take a long time to grow in culture, delaying identification.

Bacterial communities that form protective layers, making them resistant to traditional culture methods.

A technique that uses PCR to amplify and detect specific bacterial DNA sequences, providing rapid and accurate identification.

Clinical disease in malaria can be prevented by targeting either the sporozoites, which prevent infection, or the blood stages, responsible for symptoms.

BLAST is a software tool used for comparing sequences of DNA or proteins, helping to identify similarities between them.

Polymicrobial infections involve multiple bacteria, making it difficult to isolate and identify individual pathogens. This is a challenge in culturing and identifying bacteria from an infection site.

Fastidious bacteria, like Legionella pneumophila, require specific media, while anaerobic bacteria like Clostridium difficile need oxygen-free environments. This poses a challenge to culturing and identifying pathogenic bacteria from an infection site.

Low pathogen loads, as seen in early bacteremia, make it challenging to isolate the causative bacteria. The presence of commensals like Staphylococcus epidermidis further complicates the process.

Culturing and identifying pathogenic bacteria from infection sites is crucial for diagnosing infections and guiding treatment.

Using selective media and specialized techniques like anaerobic incubation can help overcome the challenge of culturing and identifying specific bacteria from an infection site.

Identifying the bacterial culprits from infection sites is important for selecting the appropriate antibiotics to target the specific pathogens.