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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements about folic acid synthesis are true? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements about folic acid synthesis are true? (Select all that apply)
What is the term for the ability of a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism without harming the host cells?
What is the term for the ability of a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism without harming the host cells?
Which term refers to an antibiotic that inhibits replication of the microorganism?
Which term refers to an antibiotic that inhibits replication of the microorganism?
Why can antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis have selective toxicity?
Why can antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis have selective toxicity?
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Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?
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Examples of first line of defense include:
Examples of first line of defense include:
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Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria:
Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria:
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The inflammatory response is characterised by:
The inflammatory response is characterised by:
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The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:
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One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:
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Examples of second lines of defence include:
Examples of second lines of defence include:
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Which nonspecific defence cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
Which nonspecific defence cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?
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A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:
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The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
The main phagocytic cells in the body are:
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Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?
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Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:
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Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
Which type of microorganism produces endospores?
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Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:
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Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?
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Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?
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Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?
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Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?
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Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?
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An opportunistic infection is:
An opportunistic infection is:
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An example of an endogenous infection would be:
An example of an endogenous infection would be:
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A healthcare associated infection is:
A healthcare associated infection is:
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Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:
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A superbug is a microorganism which:
A superbug is a microorganism which:
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A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:
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Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?
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Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?
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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises:
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises:
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A subclinical infection is:
A subclinical infection is:
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The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:
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Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:
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Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:
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The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:
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A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:
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In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:
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Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:
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Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
Polypharmacy is more common in patients:
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The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?
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The extent of a drug's protein binding determines its:
The extent of a drug's protein binding determines its:
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The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:
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Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:
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The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:
The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:
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The infectious substance of a prion is:
The infectious substance of a prion is:
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Which of the following possesses its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?
Which of the following possesses its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?
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Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?
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Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces are:
Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces are:
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Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?
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A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:
A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:
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When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?
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During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?
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Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?
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Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the Inflammatory phase?
Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the Inflammatory phase?
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The innate defence system is always prepared to protect the body:
The innate defence system is always prepared to protect the body:
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Which of the following are the body's second line of defence?
Which of the following are the body's second line of defence?
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An important innate defence mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:
An important innate defence mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:
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Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:
Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:
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In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:
In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:
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If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:
If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:
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The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called the:
The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called the:
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A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is:
A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is:
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An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a:
An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a:
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The process of synthesising a protein from an mRNA template is termed:
The process of synthesising a protein from an mRNA template is termed:
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The RNA used as a template to synthesise a protein on a ribosome is called:
The RNA used as a template to synthesise a protein on a ribosome is called:
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Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?
Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?
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What are probiotics?
What are probiotics?
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The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed:
The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed:
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The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called:
The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called:
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In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of:
In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of:
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Protein synthesis takes place on:
Protein synthesis takes place on:
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How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?
How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?
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Study Notes
Immune System Defenses
- The second line of defense against microorganisms includes phagocytes.
- First line of defense features cilia, mucous, and lysozymes.
- Saliva and tears contain lysozymes that destroy certain bacteria.
- Inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins.
Inflammation and Healing
- Causes of acute inflammatory response can include dust, bites, and infection.
- Normal flora benefit the host by inhibiting harmful microorganisms.
- Second lines of defense consist of natural killer cells.
- Neutrophils specialize in attacking cancer and virus-infected cells.
- Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected ones.
- Main phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils.
- The proliferative phase of wound healing includes formation of new epithelial tissue.
- Swelling during the acute inflammatory response arises from fluid leakage due to increased permeability.
Microorganisms and Infection
- Bacteria are the microorganisms that produce endospores.
- Classification of bacteria as gram positive or gram negative is based on cell wall structure.
- Prions are mutated proteins responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
- Bacteria possess a cell wall and lack a nucleus; viruses require a host cell to reproduce.
- Bacterial attachment to surfaces is facilitated by fimbriae.
Infections and Transmission
- An opportunistic infection occurs when normally harmless organisms cause disease under certain conditions.
- An endogenous infection develops from organisms in the person's own body (e.g., gastrointestinal tract).
- A healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is acquired within a healthcare facility.
- Vancomycin-resistant enterococci can cause surgical wound infections, representing a challenge in treatment.
- A superbug is resistant to multiple antibiotic types, complicating infections.
Drug Administration and Pharmacology
- Transdermal administration of drugs is performed using a patch.
- Therapeutic index indicates a drug's toxicity level.
- The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the skin.
- A drug with high receptor affinity is typically more potent.
- In the 20th century, the primary source of drugs was synthetic.
Protein Synthesis and Genetic Processes
- Transcription refers to synthesizing mRNA from DNA.
- Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
- Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
- Antibiotics targeting folic acid synthesis exploit differences between human and bacterial cell pathways.
Antibiotic Mechanisms
- Penicillin acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
- Probiotics promote good health by maintaining a healthy digestive system.
- A zone of inhibition indicates antibiotic susceptibility in a disc diffusion test.
- Selective toxicity allows antibiotics to inhibit microorganisms without harming host cells.
Important Figures in Microbiology
- Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch are pivotal in developing the germ theory of disease.
- Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" to describe the fundamental unit of life.
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Description
Test your understanding of the differences between human and bacterial folic acid synthesis. This quiz explores the concept of selective toxicity and its implications in microbiology and pharmacology. Perfect for those studying the interactions between drugs and microorganisms.
