Quiz bio 2 quiz

Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements about folic acid synthesis are true? (Select all that apply)

Bacteria transport the antibiotic into the cytoplasm

Human cells synthesize folic acid

Bacteria must synthesize folic acid (correct)

Humans acquire folic acid from their diet (correct)

What is the term for the ability of a drug to kill or inhibit the microorganism without harming the host cells?

Bacteriostatic

Therapeutic index

Bioavailability

Selective toxicity (correct)

Which term refers to an antibiotic that inhibits replication of the microorganism?

Prophylactic

Bactericidal

Bioavailability

Bacteriostatic (correct)

Why can antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis have selective toxicity?

Human ribosomes are different from bacterial ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms?

Phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

Examples of first line of defense include:

Cilia, mucous and lysozymes Signup and view all the answers

Saliva and tears contain this enzyme that destroys certain bacteria:

Lysozymes Signup and view all the answers

The inflammatory response is characterised by:

Increased vascular permeability to serum proteins in the inflamed area Signup and view all the answers

The aetiology (cause) of the acute inflammatory response could include:

Dust, bites and infection Signup and view all the answers

One of the ways in which normal flora benefit the host is by:

Inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

Examples of second lines of defence include:

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

Which nonspecific defence cell specializes in attacking early cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Natural killer cells Signup and view all the answers

A chemical released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected cells is called:

Interferons Signup and view all the answers

The main phagocytic cells in the body are:

Macrophages and neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following belongs to the proliferative phase of wound healing?

Formation of new epithelial tissue Signup and view all the answers

Swelling from Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is due to:

Leakage of fluid into surrounding tissue due to increased permeability of blood vessels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microorganism produces endospores?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Bacteria can be classified as gram positive (+) or gram negative (-) based on:

Cell wall structure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is described as a mutated protein responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease?

Prion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms has the characteristics of possessing a cell wall and the absence of a nucleus?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms can only reproduce by invading a host cell?

Virus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are used by bacteria for attachment to a surface?

Fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following microorganisms can be described as consisting of nuclear material surrounded by a capsid and needs to invade a host cell to replicate?

Virus Signup and view all the answers

An opportunistic infection is:

An infection caused by organisms that do not normally cause disease but can under certain conditions Signup and view all the answers

An example of an endogenous infection would be:

An infection caused by organisms from the person's own gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare associated infection is:

An infection acquired only in a healthcare facility Signup and view all the answers

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci:

Can cause surgical wound infections Signup and view all the answers

A superbug is a microorganism which:

Is resistant to multiple types of antibiotics Signup and view all the answers

A healthcare acquired infection (HAI) is one which is:

Acquired whilst in a healthcare facility Signup and view all the answers

Which body site is most commonly associated with a hospital-acquired infection?

Urinary tract Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the most common causes of hospital-acquired infections?

Bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) most commonly colonises:

The nose Signup and view all the answers

A subclinical infection is:

An infection that does not produce any recognisable signs and symptoms Signup and view all the answers

The study of the use, effects and mode of action of drugs is:

Pharmacology Signup and view all the answers

Transdermal administration is most appropriately administered:

In the form of a patch Signup and view all the answers

Therapeutic index of a drug is an indicator of:

Toxicity Signup and view all the answers

The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the:

Skin Signup and view all the answers

A drug with a high receptor affinity would be:

More potent Signup and view all the answers

In the 20th century, the most common source of drugs was:

Made synthetically Signup and view all the answers

Microsomes for drug metabolism are found in the:

Cells of the liver Signup and view all the answers

Polypharmacy is more common in patients:

With increasing age Signup and view all the answers

The half-life of morphine is 3 hours. A 25 mg dose is administered at 10 a.m. How much will remain in the body by 4 p.m.?

6.25 mg Signup and view all the answers

The extent of a drug's protein binding determines its:

Bioavailability Signup and view all the answers

The effectiveness of parenteral administration of a drug is compromised:

By poor vascularisation at the site of administration Signup and view all the answers

Rectal administration is most appropriately administered:

As a suppository Signup and view all the answers

The scientist credited with proposing the germ theory of disease was:

Louis Pasteur Signup and view all the answers

The infectious substance of a prion is:

Protein Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following possesses its genetic material surrounded by a nuclear envelope?

Protozoa Signup and view all the answers

Who was the scientist that was the first to use the term 'cell'?

Robert Hooke Signup and view all the answers

Cell appendages used for bacteria to attach to surfaces are:

Fimbriae Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following statements is true for viral replication?

Virus must invade a host cell in order to replicate Signup and view all the answers

A major difference between human body cells and prokaryotic cells is:

Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall and human body cells do not Signup and view all the answers

When Acute Inflammatory Response (AIR) is activated in response to tissue injury, which white blood cell enters the injured site to engulf pathogens and dead cells?

Neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

During the inflammatory process, vasodilation accounts for which of the following signs of inflammation?

Redness and heat Signup and view all the answers

Which antimicrobial protein is present in saliva and tears?

Lysozymes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following wound healing events is a feature of the Inflammatory phase?

Fibroblasts invade the site and secrete collagen into the tissue Signup and view all the answers

The innate defence system is always prepared to protect the body:

From all foreign substances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the body's second line of defence?

Natural killer cells and phagocytes Signup and view all the answers

An important innate defence mechanism in the urinary tract is/are:

Normal urine flow Signup and view all the answers

Isolating an infected person to prevent the spread of the infectious agent is to break the chain of infection at the:

Source Signup and view all the answers

In the chain of infection, the mode of transmission refers to:

The process by which microorganisms are transferred from a reservoir or source to a susceptible host Signup and view all the answers

If a person acquires an infection by handling a contaminated telephone, it is termed:

Indirect contact transmission Signup and view all the answers

The place where a pathogen resides in the chain of infection is called the:

Reservoir Signup and view all the answers

A mode of transmission that involves insects transmitting the pathogen from one host to another is:

Vector transmission Signup and view all the answers

An inanimate contaminated object that can transmit disease is called a:

Fomite Signup and view all the answers

The process of synthesising a protein from an mRNA template is termed:

Translation Signup and view all the answers

The RNA used as a template to synthesise a protein on a ribosome is called:

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the mode of action for Penicillin?

Inhibits cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are probiotics?

Bacteria that promote good health in the digestive system Signup and view all the answers

The process of copying information from a strand of DNA to produce mRNA is termed:

Transcription Signup and view all the answers

The RNA generated from one of the DNA strands is called:

mRNA Signup and view all the answers

In a disc diffusion test, used to assess which antibiotic is most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth, the clear area around a disc represents the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic. This area is also known as the zone of:

Inhibition Signup and view all the answers

Protein synthesis takes place on:

Ribosomes Signup and view all the answers

How are antibiotics that block the synthesis of folic acid able to maintain selective toxicity?

Antibiotics that block folic acid synthesis inhibit bacterial metabolism without affecting human cells because humans obtain folic acid from diet. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Immune System Defenses

The second line of defense against microorganisms includes phagocytes.
First line of defense features cilia, mucous, and lysozymes.
Saliva and tears contain lysozymes that destroy certain bacteria.
Inflammatory response is characterized by increased vascular permeability to serum proteins.

Inflammation and Healing

Causes of acute inflammatory response can include dust, bites, and infection.
Normal flora benefit the host by inhibiting harmful microorganisms.
Second lines of defense consist of natural killer cells.
Neutrophils specialize in attacking cancer and virus-infected cells.
Interferons are chemicals released by virus-infected cells to protect uninfected ones.
Main phagocytic cells are macrophages and neutrophils.
The proliferative phase of wound healing includes formation of new epithelial tissue.
Swelling during the acute inflammatory response arises from fluid leakage due to increased permeability.

Microorganisms and Infection

Bacteria are the microorganisms that produce endospores.
Classification of bacteria as gram positive or gram negative is based on cell wall structure.
Prions are mutated proteins responsible for Mad Cow disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
Bacteria possess a cell wall and lack a nucleus; viruses require a host cell to reproduce.
Bacterial attachment to surfaces is facilitated by fimbriae.

Infections and Transmission

An opportunistic infection occurs when normally harmless organisms cause disease under certain conditions.
An endogenous infection develops from organisms in the person's own body (e.g., gastrointestinal tract).
A healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is acquired within a healthcare facility.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci can cause surgical wound infections, representing a challenge in treatment.
A superbug is resistant to multiple antibiotic types, complicating infections.

Drug Administration and Pharmacology

Transdermal administration of drugs is performed using a patch.
Therapeutic index indicates a drug's toxicity level.
The most effective barrier to drug absorption is the skin.
A drug with high receptor affinity is typically more potent.
In the 20th century, the primary source of drugs was synthetic.

Protein Synthesis and Genetic Processes

Transcription refers to synthesizing mRNA from DNA.
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA.
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
Antibiotics targeting folic acid synthesis exploit differences between human and bacterial cell pathways.

Antibiotic Mechanisms

Penicillin acts by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
Probiotics promote good health by maintaining a healthy digestive system.
A zone of inhibition indicates antibiotic susceptibility in a disc diffusion test.
Selective toxicity allows antibiotics to inhibit microorganisms without harming host cells.

Important Figures in Microbiology

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch are pivotal in developing the germ theory of disease.
Robert Hooke first used the term "cell" to describe the fundamental unit of life.

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Description

Test your understanding of the differences between human and bacterial folic acid synthesis. This quiz explores the concept of selective toxicity and its implications in microbiology and pharmacology. Perfect for those studying the interactions between drugs and microorganisms.