Microbiology Quiz on Bacterial Infections

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Questions and Answers

Which species of bacteria is commonly known to cause gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted infection?

  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae (correct)
  • Helicobacter pylori
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Moraxella catarrhalis

Which of the following bacteria species is a common cause of hospital-acquired infections and is a major concern for cystic fibrosis patients?

  • Moraxella catarrhalis
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa (correct)
  • Salmonella typhi
  • Helicobacter pylori

Which bacterial genus is characterized by its ability to form diplococci, kidney-shaped cells, with a non-spore and non-mobile nature?

  • Enterobacter
  • Neisseria (correct)
  • Moraxella
  • Pseudomonas

What is the primary function of Enterobacteriaceae within the human body?

<p>They play a role in the digestion of food. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria is responsible for causing both meningitis and septicemia?

<p>Neisseria meningitidis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of bacteria is commonly associated with causing peptic ulcers and gastric cancer?

<p>Helicobacter pylori (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of infections are often associated with the bacteria Moraxella catarrhalis?

<p>Respiratory infections, such as ear infections and sinusitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the characteristics of Bordetella pertussis?

<p>It is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes a highly contagious respiratory infection called whooping cough. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following species is NOT a common human pathogen associated with Actinomyces?

<p>Actinomyces bovis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Actinomycosis, a chronic suppurative infection, is primarily caused by:

<p>Actinomyces israelii (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of Actinomyces?

<p>Branching filaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of Actinomycosis?

<p>Presence of sulfur granules in pus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species of Actinomyces is associated with dental plaque and cavities?

<p>Both B and C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for Actinomycosis?

<p>Trauma, dental infections, or surgery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a role of Actinomyces in human health or the environment?

<p>Production of antibiotics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common treatment for Actinomycosis?

<p>Long-term antibiotic therapy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the culture requirements for Chlamydia trachomatis?

<p>It requires a living cell environment, like McCoy cells or HeLa cells, for growth. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a diagnostic method commonly used to detect Chlamydia trachomatis infection, but is considered less sensitive than Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)?

<p>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why traditional culture methods for Chlamydia trachomatis are considered less favorable compared to modern diagnostic methods like NAATs?

<p>Traditional culture methods are less sensitive and more time-consuming. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why Mycoplasma species are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin and cephalosporins?

<p>They lack a peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall, which is the target for beta-lactams. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is NOT typically associated with Chlamydia trachomatis infection?

<p>Tuberculosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Chlamydia trachomatis life cycle is responsible for infecting new host cells?

<p>Elementary Body (EB) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of Chlamydia trachomatis that is NOT shared by most other bacteria?

<p>Obligate intracellular growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the morphology of Chlamydia trachomatis?

<p>It is a small, gram-negative bacterium lacking a peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Treponema pallidum during primary syphilis?

<p>Painless chancre at the site of infection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing is commonly used for antibody detection in spirochaete infections?

<p>ELISA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which spirochaete is transmitted primarily through tick bites?

<p>Borrelia burgdorferi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a method used by some spirochaetes to evade the immune system?

<p>Alteration of surface proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment option for Treponema pallidum infections?

<p>Penicillin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with Leptospira infection in its severe form?

<p>Jaundice and renal failure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom is characteristic of late-stage Lyme disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi?

<p>Neurological symptoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common prevention method for spirochaete infections?

<p>Vaccination against Leptospira (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is known to contribute to both gas gangrene and food poisoning?

<p><em>Clostridium perfringens</em> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease is primarily caused by Campylobacter jejuni?

<p>Gastroenteritis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bacteria is NOT typically found as part of the normal flora in humans?

<p><em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of spirochaetes?

<p>Highly motile due to endoflagella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bacteria is known to cause a respiratory infection known as diphtheria?

<p><em>Corynebacterium diphtheriae</em> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacterial species is commonly associated with a chronic infection involving the jaw, lungs, or abdomen?

<p><em>Actinomyces israelii</em> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Gram-negative bacterium is known for causing intra-abdominal infections?

<p>Bacteroides fragilis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of microscopy is used to visualize the motility and spiral shape of spirochaetes?

<p>Phase-contrast microscopy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive bacteria?

<p>The presence of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following Gram-negative bacteria is classified under Non-Enterobacteriaceae?

<p>Pseudomonas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is known to cause a paralytic illness, often associated with improperly canned food?

<p><em>Clostridium botulinum</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis?

<p>Plague (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these bacterial genera is known for its filamentous, anaerobic bacilli shape?

<p><em>Actinomyces</em> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria is most likely to cause dental infections?

<p>Fusobacterium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacterial genera is NOT typically considered Gram-positive?

<p><em>Neisseria</em> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the oxygen requirement of spirochaetes?

<p>Most are anaerobic or microaerophilic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Bacillus cereus

A bacterium that causes food poisoning.

Clostridium

A group of spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria that can cause various diseases.

Clostridium tetani

A bacterium that causes tetanus, also known as lockjaw.

Clostridium botulinum

Bacterium that causes botulism, a severe paralytic illness.

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae

A bacterium that causes diphtheria, a respiratory infection.

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Listeria monocytogenes

Pathogenic bacterium that causes listeriosis, affecting pregnant women.

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Actinomyces israelii

Bacterium associated with actinomycosis, causing chronic infections.

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Gram-positive bacteria

Bacteria with a thick peptidoglycan layer, often part of normal flora.

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Neisseria

A genus of bacteria, diplococci and kidney-shaped, non-spore forming and non-mobile, found in normal flora of respiratory and urogenital tracts.

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Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A species of Neisseria that causes gonorrhea, leading to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility.

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Neisseria meningitidis

A species of Neisseria responsible for meningitis and septicemia.

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Moraxella

A genus of short rods or cocci, non-spore forming and non-mobile, found in normal flora of the upper respiratory tract.

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Escherichia coli

A species of Enterobacteriaceae responsible for UTIs, gastroenteritis, and potentially severe hemolytic uremic syndrome.

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Salmonella

A genus of bacteria causing salmonellosis and typhoid fever, often linked to food poisoning.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A non-Enterobacteriaceae that causes hospital-acquired infections and is a major pathogen in cystic fibrosis patients.

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Helicobacter pylori

A bacterium responsible for peptic ulcers and associated with gastric cancer.

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Vibrio cholerae

A bacterium that causes cholera, leading to severe diarrhea and dehydration.

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Campylobacter jejuni

A bacterium causing gastroenteritis and can lead to Guillain-Barré syndrome.

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Brucella

Bacterium responsible for brucellosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted from animals to humans.

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Yersinia pestis

A bacterium that causes plague in its different forms, including bubonic and pneumonic.

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Bacteroides fragilis

An anaerobic Gram-negative bacillus that causes intra-abdominal infections like abscesses.

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Spirochaetes

A group of Gram-negative bacteria with a spiral shape, highly motile and often pathogenic.

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Identification of Spirochaetes

Methods like dark-field microscopy are used to visualize their spiral shape and motility.

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Fusobacterium

An anaerobic bacterium causing dental infections and Lemierre’s syndrome.

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Spirochaetes culture

Species that are difficult to culture in vitro.

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Serological tests

Tests for antibody detection, e.g., ELISA, FTA-ABS.

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PCR

Molecular method to detect specific DNA sequences.

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Endoflagella

Structure that enables spirochaetes to penetrate tissues.

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Treponema pallidum transmission

Spread through sexual contact or vertical transmission.

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Erythema migrans

Bull's-eye rash associated with Lyme disease.

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Penicillin

First-line antibiotic for treating Treponema pallidum.

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Leptospirosis symptoms

May cause mild fever or severe Weil’s disease.

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Actinomyces Morphology

Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that form branching filaments.

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Non-motile bacteria

Bacteria that do not have the ability to move on their own.

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Actinomyces species

Includes A. israelii, A. naeslundii, A. odontolyticus, A. viscosus, A. bovis.

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Actinomycosis Symptoms

Chronic abscesses, sulfur granules, affects face, neck, and lungs.

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A. israelii

Most common pathogen causing actinomycosis.

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Role in dental conditions

Associated with dental plaque and periodontal disease.

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Treatment for Actinomycosis

Long-term antibiotic therapy, typically with penicillin.

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Environmental role of Actinomyces

Found in soil; aids in decomposition and nutrient cycling.

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Chlamydia psittaci

Causes psittacosis, a zoonotic disease from birds to humans.

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Elementary Body (EB)

Infectious, extracellular form of Chlamydia.

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Reticulate Body (RB)

Non-infectious, intracellular replicative form of Chlamydia.

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Transmission of Chlamydia

Primarily through sexual contact or vertical transmission during childbirth.

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Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs)

The gold standard for Chlamydia diagnosis, detecting its DNA or RNA.

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Mycoplasma characteristics

Smallest free-living bacteria lacking a cell wall, resistant to beta-lactams.

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Direct Fluorescent Antibody (DFA) Test

Detects chlamydial antigens using fluorescent-labeled antibodies.

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Microscopy for Chlamydia

Uses staining methods to identify inclusion bodies in infected cells.

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Study Notes

Gram-Positive Cocci

  • Classified by shape (cocci) and ability to retain crystal violet stain
  • Two main genera: Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
  • Staphylococcus (cocci in clusters):
    • Part of normal skin flora
    • Some strains protect against harmful bacteria
    • Diseases:
      • Staphylococcus aureus: Skin infections (boils, cellulitis), pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, food poisoning
      • Staphylococcus epidermidis: Infections in medical devices (e.g., catheters, prosthetics)
      • Staphylococcus saprophyticus: Urinary tract infections (UTIs), especially in young women
  • Streptococcus (cocci in chains or pairs):
    • Part of the normal oral and gut microbiota
    • Some contribute to digestive health by breaking down complex carbohydrates
    • Diseases:
      • Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A): Pharyngitis (strep throat), scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis
      • Streptococcus pneumoniae: Pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media
      • Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B): Neonatal sepsis and meningitis
      • Streptococcus mutans: Contributes to dental caries (cavities)

Gram-Positive Bacilli

  • Rod-shaped bacteria
  • Includes spore-forming and non-spore-forming genera
  • Bacillus (spore-forming, rod-shaped with square ends, capsulated):
    • Used in industrial applications (e.g., enzyme production)
    • Role in soil health by decomposing organic matter
    • Diseases:
      • Bacillus anthracis: Anthrax (cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal)
      • Bacillus cereus: Food poisoning
  • Clostridium (spore-forming, obligate anaerobes, long irregular with bulge at terminal ends):
    • Involved in fermentation processes
    • Decompose organic material in soil
    • Diseases:
      • Clostridium tetani: Tetanus (lockjaw)
      • Clostridium botulinum: Botulism (paralytic illness)
      • Clostridium difficile: Antibiotic-associated colitis (C. diff infection)
      • Clostridium perfringens: Gas gangrene and food poisoning

Gram-Negative Cocci

  • Spherical bacteria that typically occur in pairs (diplococci)
  • Most clinically significant genera: Neisseria and Moraxella
  • Neisseria (diplococci, kidney shaped, non-spore, non-mobile):
    • Part of the normal flora of the respiratory and urogenital tracts
    • Diseases:
      • Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Gonorrhea
      • Neisseria meningitidis: Meningitis and septicemia (meningococcal disease)
  • Moraxella (short rods or cocci, non-spore, non-mobile, non-capsulated):
    • Part of the normal flora of the upper respiratory tract
    • Diseases:
      • Moraxella catarrhalis: Otitis media, sinusitis, exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Gram-Negative Bacilli

  • Rod-shaped bacteria
  • Divided into Enterobacteriaceae (intestinal bacteria) and non-Enterobacteriaceae
  • Enterobacteriaceae (intestinal gram-negative bacilli, round heads, non-spore, non-capsulated, mobile):
    • Many species are part of the normal gut flora and aid in digestion
    • Diseases:
      • Escherichia coli: UTIs, gastroenteritis, septicemia
      • Salmonella: Salmonellosis, typhoid fever
      • Shigella: Shigellosis
      • Klebsiella: Pneumonia, UTIs
      • Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Serratia: Opportunistic infections in hospitalized patients
  • Non-Enterobacteriaceae:
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Hospital-acquired infections (pneumonia, UTIs, wound infections)
    • Helicobacter pylori: Peptic ulcers and gastric cancer
    • Haemophilus influenzae: Respiratory infections (pneumonia, bronchitis, meningitis)
    • Bordetella pertussis: Whooping cough
    • Legionella pneumophila: Legionnaires' disease
    • Vibrio cholerae: Cholera
    • Campylobacter jejuni: Gastroenteritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome
    • Brucella: Brucellosis
    • Francisella tularensis: Tularemia
    • Yersinia pestis: Plague

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