46 Questions
Which test is used to determine antibacterial susceptibility?
Disc diffusion test
Which of the following is a fungal pathogen with a dimorphic shape?
Histoplasma capsulatum
What causes Tinea corporis?
Trichophyton rubrum
What is one of the virulence factors of Candida albicans?
Adhesins
Which statement is true regarding hemoglobin in blood leaving the lungs?
It is about 98-99% saturated with oxygen
Which antifungal drug can be used to treat fungal infections?
Fluconazole
Which enzymes do not need water for reactions?
Ligases
Which nutrient is important for bacterial techoic acid?
PO4
Which bacterial group cannot grow at temperatures lower than 55°C?
Thermophiles
Which metabolic pathway is used by bacteria but not by eukaryotes?
Entner–Doudoroff pathway
Which of these is a type of storage inclusion in bacteria?
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Which of the following statements about penicillins is NOT true?
Penicillins don’t require dosage adjustment in renal failure.
Which of the following does NOT inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?
Chloramphenicol
Which of the following antibiotics functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor?
Tetracycline
Which type of enzymes does not need water for reactions?
Layases
Which is the important nutrient for bacterial techoic acid?
PO4
Which bacterial group cannot grow at temperatures less than 55°C?
Hyperthermophel
Which metabolic pathway is used by bacteria but not by eukaryotes?
Enter doudroff
Which of the following is considered a storage inclusion?
Polyhydroxyalkonate
Which of the following statements about penicillins is NOT true?
Penicillins don't require dosage adjustment in renal failure.
Concerning the toxicity of antibiotics, which statement is true?
Haemolytic anaemias can occur with sulphonamide use.
Which antibiotic functions as a protein synthesis inhibitor?
Tetracycline
Which of the following media is used for isolating Salmonella?
Desoxycholate agar
What type of toxin does E. coli secrete that is heat sensitive?
Heat labile toxin
Which disease is caused by Serratia?
All of them
Which antigen type is not part of Enterobacteriaceae?
M Antigen
Which sugar is fermented by Lactobacillus to produce lactic acid?
Lactic acid
Which medium is specifically used for growing and identifying Vibrio species?
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) agar
Which of the following media is not suitable for growing Salmonella?
Mannitol salt agar
What pattern describes a disease regularly found among particular people or in a certain area?
Endemic Disease
What is the single most important method for classifying and spectating Streptococci?
Agglutination using antisera against the cell wall group specific substance
Which test method is the least sensitive for diagnosing colitis caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli?
Culture on sorbitol MacConkey agar
How does the Heat-labile toxin of Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) act?
Activation of adenylyl cyclase
On what basis can Enterococci be distinguished from nonenterococcal group D Streptococci?
Growth in 6.5% NaCl
What does the principle of segregation describe?
Separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
What term describes an organism possessing two different alleles for a particular trait?
Heterozygous
What is the hallmark of a reciprocal cross?
It involves reversing the sexes of the parents in two matings
What are phenocopies?
Organisms having different genotypes but identical phenotypes
Which medium is used for isolating Gram-negative bacteria and differentiating lactose fermenters?
EMB
What type of antigen is NOT found in Enterobacteriaceae?
None of the above
Which sugar is fermented by Lactobacillus to produce lactic acid?
Lactic
Which medium is specifically designed for the isolation of Vibrio species?
Thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) agar
Which type of toxin is secreted by E.coli?
Heat stable toxin
Which of the following bacteria can grow on xylose-lysine desoxycholate agar?
Salmonella
Which of the following is an example of a second-generation cephalosporin?
Cefactor
Which of the following is a type of anthrax?
All of them
Study Notes
Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobials
Coagulase and Fibrinolysin
- Coagulase and fibrinolysin are two enzymes secreted by pathogenic bacteria to protect themselves from the host's immune system.
- Coagulase allows bacteria to form a protective barrier around themselves, while fibrinolysin breaks down fibrin, a protein that helps to form blood clots.
Media Used in Microbiology
- EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue): used to identify lactose-fermenting bacteria, such as E. coli.
- CLED (Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient): used to isolate and identify bacteria that require cysteine, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
- Deoxycholate citrate agar: used to isolate and identify bacteria that are sensitive to bile, such as Salmonella.
- Bismuth sulphate: used to isolate and identify bacteria that are sensitive to heavy metals, such as Salmonella.
- Thiosulfate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS): used to isolate and identify bacteria that are sensitive to bile, such as Vibrio cholerae.
Cholera Diarrhoea
- The first complex compound of causing Cholera diarrhoea is the toxin-coregulated pilus (TCP).
- The pathogenesis of Cholerae diarrhoea involves the ingestion of contaminated food or water, followed by the colonization of the small intestine by V. cholerae.
- The bacteria then produce the TCP toxin, which causes a massive secretion of electrolytes and water into the intestine, leading to diarrhoea.
Anthrax
- Types of Anthrax: Pulmonary anthrax, Cutaneous anthrax, and Intestinal Anthrax.
Salmonella
- Salmonella grows on: Desoxycholate agar, Xylose-lysine desoxycholate agar, Blood agar, and Mannitol salt agar.
- Salmonella can ferment: Glucose, Mannitol, and Sucrose.
Enterobacteriaceae
- The types of antigens in Enterobacteriaceae are: O antigen, K antigen, and H antigen.
E. coli
- E. coli secrets two types of toxin: Heat stable toxin and Heat labile toxin.
Klebsiella
- Klebsiella has K antigen.
Lactobacillus
- Lactobacillus ferments sugars to produce: Lactic acid.
Serratia
- Serratia can cause: Endocarditis, Diarrhoea, and Septicemia.
Disease Outbreaks
- The patterns of disease outbreak in a community can be: Endemic disease, Sporadic disease, Epidemic disease, and Pandemic disease.
Cephalosporines
- An example of the second generation of cephalosporines is: Cefactor.
Metabolic Pathways
- Metabolic pathways are regulated by enzymes, which are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
- Enzymes are specific to certain reactions and are regulated by feedback mechanisms, such as allosteric control and substrate inhibition.
Extracellular Proteins
- Extracellular proteins are secreted from the cytoplasmic membrane and can include enzymes, toxins, and adhesins.
- These proteins play a crucial role in the interaction between bacteria and their environment, and can be involved in bacterial pathogenesis.
Let me know if you need more clarification on any of these points!
Test your knowledge of bacterial infections, antimicrobials, and microbiology techniques, including enzymes and media used to identify bacteria.
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