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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1)?
Which type of exfoliative toxin is encoded by the eta gene?
Alpha-hemolysin is known to primarily affect which type of blood cells?
Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) specifically targets which type of leukocytes?
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What is a common effect of the serine protease known as exfoliative toxin?
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Which hemolysin is primarily responsible for damaging smooth muscle in blood vessels?
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Which type of exfoliative toxin is described as heat-labile?
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Which hemolysin is particularly noted for its role in producing diarrhea during gastrointestinal infections?
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What is the primary reservoir for Staphylococci?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Staphylococci?
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What is a major virulence factor associated with Staphylococcus aureus that can contribute to Toxic Shock Syndrome?
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Which of the following skin diseases is caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
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Which of these Staphylococcal virulence factors involves the formation of blood clots?
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How are most Staphylococcal infections primarily transmitted?
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Which of the following is true regarding the oxygen requirements of Staphylococci?
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What type of diagnostic tests are typically used for identifying Staphylococci?
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Study Notes
Staphylococci Overview
- Gram-positive spherical cells arranged in grape-like clusters.
- Can be aerobic or facultative anaerobic; non-motile and non-spore forming.
- Produce catalase as a by-product; normal flora of skin and mucous membranes.
- Primary human reservoir located in the nares.
Virulence Factors of Staphylococci
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Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin-1 (TSST-1):
- Superantigen that stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production.
- Associated with fever and shock; found in approximately 20% of S. aureus isolates.
- Primarily linked to menstruation-associated toxic shock syndrome.
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Exfoliative Toxins:
- Serine proteases causing epidermal desquamation.
- Includes Exfoliative toxin A (heat-stable) and toxin B (heat-labile).
- Major contributor to Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS), especially in newborns.
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Hemolysins:
- Cytolytic toxins targeting erythrocytes (RBCs) and leukocytes (WBCs).
- Four types identified: alpha, beta, delta, and gamma hemolysins.
- Alpha-hemolysin is involved in tissue damage and vascular disruption.
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Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL):
- Lethal exotoxin specifically affecting polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
- Associated with severe skin and soft tissue infections.
Staphylococcus aureus Infections
- Causes various skin conditions such as folliculitis, furuncles, carbuncles, bullous impetigo, SSSS, and toxic shock syndrome.
Diagnostic Laboratory Tests for Staphylococci
- Tests to identify the presence and characteristics of Staphylococcus spp. in clinical samples.
Epidemiology and Control of Staphylococci
- Focus on understanding transmission, risk factors, and strategies for infection prevention and control.
Streptococci Overview
- Classification includes various groups, each associated with specific virulence factors and skin diseases.
Bacillus Overview
- Includes Bacillus anthracis as notable species with significant virulence factors leading to specific diseases.
Clostridium Overview
- General characteristics and virulence factors of Clostridium, particularly Clostridium perfringens, and the associated diseases they cause.
Erysipelothrix
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is highlighted, focusing on its characteristics and implications.
Mycobacterial Skin Infections
- Introduces Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium ulcerans with their respective pathogenic roles and clinical manifestations.
Summary Insights
- Review of key bacterial pathogens responsible for skin infections, their virulence mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and infection control strategies.
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Description
This quiz covers vital concepts from Module 5 on bacterial skin infections, focusing on Staphylococci and Streptococci. Learn about their characteristics, virulence factors, and diagnostic methods. Understand the epidemiology and control measures associated with these bacteria.
