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Questions and Answers
What is the generic term for the study of microorganisms?
What is the generic term for the study of microorganisms?
- Virology
- Microbiology (correct)
- Biotechnology
- Parasitology
Which of the following is NOT included in the study of microbiology?
Which of the following is NOT included in the study of microbiology?
- Parasites
- Fungi
- Virus
- Plant cells (correct)
In which of the following areas does microbiology play an important role?
In which of the following areas does microbiology play an important role?
- Pharmaceuticals and biotechnology (correct)
- Sports science
- Civil engineering
- Space exploration
Which of the following is NOT a field impacted by microbiology?
Which of the following is NOT a field impacted by microbiology?
Which of the following microorganisms is NOT included in the study of microbiology?
Which of the following microorganisms is NOT included in the study of microbiology?
Which of the following is a relevant area where microbiology plays an important role?
Which of the following is a relevant area where microbiology plays an important role?
Which of the following is not a type of microorganism?
Which of the following is not a type of microorganism?
What is the process of arranging organisms into groups based on shared characteristics called?
What is the process of arranging organisms into groups based on shared characteristics called?
Which type of entity cannot reproduce on its own?
Which type of entity cannot reproduce on its own?
What refers to the deterioration of a product by a contaminating microbe?
What refers to the deterioration of a product by a contaminating microbe?
Which field involves extracting genetic components and cell components of microbes?
Which field involves extracting genetic components and cell components of microbes?
What type of media can be used to grow microbes in the lab?
What type of media can be used to grow microbes in the lab?
Which of the following is a genetic variant or subtype of a species?
Which of the following is a genetic variant or subtype of a species?
Who are the key figures involved in microbial classification?
Who are the key figures involved in microbial classification?
What is the study of microorganisms (microbes) called?
What is the study of microorganisms (microbes) called?
What can be genetically modified to produce therapeutic proteins?
What can be genetically modified to produce therapeutic proteins?
What is a collection of strains that share stable properties?
What is a collection of strains that share stable properties?
Which bacterial external cell component can also be known as Fimbriae?
Which bacterial external cell component can also be known as Fimbriae?
What is the main component of bacterial genetic material?
What is the main component of bacterial genetic material?
Which bacterial internal cell component can replicate autonomously within the host?
Which bacterial internal cell component can replicate autonomously within the host?
What bacterial structure acts as a survival mechanism increasing resistance to adverse conditions such as lack of nutrients?
What bacterial structure acts as a survival mechanism increasing resistance to adverse conditions such as lack of nutrients?
What are the sites of protein synthesis in bacterial cells?
What are the sites of protein synthesis in bacterial cells?
Which viral structure is optional and may or may not be present?
Which viral structure is optional and may or may not be present?
Which bacterial internal cell component contains a single chromosome of double stranded DNA?
Which bacterial internal cell component contains a single chromosome of double stranded DNA?
Which type of pili allows transfer of DNA between 2 bacteria?
Which type of pili allows transfer of DNA between 2 bacteria?
What can help in attachment to surfaces and provide protection from adverse conditions in bacteria?
What can help in attachment to surfaces and provide protection from adverse conditions in bacteria?
Which bacterial cell structure forms long filaments and remains attached following cell division?
Which bacterial cell structure forms long filaments and remains attached following cell division?
Which viral structure is present in some viruses, allowing them to infect prokaryotes?
Which viral structure is present in some viruses, allowing them to infect prokaryotes?
What are the main components of bacterial cell that can be viewed using phase contrast microscopy or stained?
What are the main components of bacterial cell that can be viewed using phase contrast microscopy or stained?
What is the primary method used to identify bacteria based on how they retain crystal violet dye?
What is the primary method used to identify bacteria based on how they retain crystal violet dye?
What does the term 'serotype' refer to in microbial classification?
What does the term 'serotype' refer to in microbial classification?
What is the primary characteristic determined by genotype in microbial classification?
What is the primary characteristic determined by genotype in microbial classification?
Which method is used to produce clusters (clades) of similar organisms based on DNA or protein sequences?
Which method is used to produce clusters (clades) of similar organisms based on DNA or protein sequences?
What characteristic of bacteria is determined by its susceptibility to bacteriophages and its ability to cause disease?
What characteristic of bacteria is determined by its susceptibility to bacteriophages and its ability to cause disease?
How are laboratory facilities categorized in terms of microbial safety?
How are laboratory facilities categorized in terms of microbial safety?
Which gene in Staphylococcus aureus causes methicillin resistance?
Which gene in Staphylococcus aureus causes methicillin resistance?
What type of gene mutations include point mutations (SNPs) and gene insertions/deletions?
What type of gene mutations include point mutations (SNPs) and gene insertions/deletions?
What method can be used to identify more closely related organisms based on genetic sequences?
What method can be used to identify more closely related organisms based on genetic sequences?
What aspect does the Advisory committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) categorize microorganisms by?
What aspect does the Advisory committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) categorize microorganisms by?
What genetic feature causes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus?
What genetic feature causes methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus?
What category of microorganisms does gram staining identify based on how they retain crystal violet dye?
What category of microorganisms does gram staining identify based on how they retain crystal violet dye?
What is a major component of the bacterial cell wall, providing shape and protection against osmotic lysis?
What is a major component of the bacterial cell wall, providing shape and protection against osmotic lysis?
Which structure is involved in bacterial motility and can be monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous?
Which structure is involved in bacterial motility and can be monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous?
What is a protective structure that allows some bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions?
What is a protective structure that allows some bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions?
Which of the following is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can stimulate a pro-inflammatory immune response?
Which of the following is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and can stimulate a pro-inflammatory immune response?
What provides resistance to antibiotics in bacteria?
What provides resistance to antibiotics in bacteria?
Which microbial classification is based on the genetic makeup of microbes and used for more precise identification and classification?
Which microbial classification is based on the genetic makeup of microbes and used for more precise identification and classification?
What refers to the observable characteristics of microbes, such as morphology, colony appearance, and biochemical reactions?
What refers to the observable characteristics of microbes, such as morphology, colony appearance, and biochemical reactions?
Which level of containment is required for handling pathogens such as Ebola and Variola viruses?
Which level of containment is required for handling pathogens such as Ebola and Variola viruses?
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Study Notes
- Bacteria and viruses: two main groups of microorganisms
- Bacteria come in various shapes and sizes, including cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spiral bacteria
- Morphology is not an accurate form of classification, but can provide a general understanding of bacterial structure
- Bacteria have a simpler structure than eukaryotic cells, and can adapt more readily to environmental changes
- Bacterial cells consist of several components, including structural components such as the cell wall and plasma membrane, genetic material, ribosomes, and various specialized structures
- Cell wall: a major component of bacterial cells, made of peptidoglycan, which provides shape and protection against osmotic lysis
- Plasma membrane: a selectively permeable membrane that maintains the internal environment, retains cytoplasm, and protects against external agents
- Flagella: structures involved in bacterial motility, which can be monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, or peritrichous, and are essential for the virulence of certain bacteria like V. cholerae
- Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, and consist of a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material, either DNA or RNA
- Biosafety levels: different levels of containment required for handling various microorganisms, including BSL-1, BSL-2, and BSL-4 facilities for handling pathogens such as Ebola and Variola viruses.
- Bacterial cell structure:
- Morphology: varies greatly among bacterial species, with different shapes, sizes, and colors
- Colonies: can be used to identify bacterial species
- Internal structures: include ribosomes, nucleoid, and various specialized structures
- External structures: include cell wall, plasma membrane, and flagella
- Internal structures:
- Nucleoid: contains bacterial DNA
- Ribosomes: sites of protein synthesis
- Plasmid: extrachromosomal DNA that provides resistance to antibiotics
- Endospores: protective structures that allow some bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions
- Capsules and slime: protective layers that help shield bacteria from the environment
- Flagella: structures involved in bacterial motility, powered by a proton gradient
- Pili: structures involved in bacterial attachment and transfer of genetic material between bacteria
- External structures:
- Cell wall: provides structural support and protects against osmotic lysis
- Plasma membrane: maintains the internal environment and selectively allows the passage of certain molecules
- Flagella: structures involved in bacterial motility
- Peptidoglycan: a major component of the bacterial cell wall, made of alternating residues of Nacetylglucosamine (NAG) and Nacetylmuramic acid (NAM)
- Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, can stimulate a pro-inflammatory immune response.
- Viral morphology:
- Viruses are much smaller than bacteria, and consist of a protein coat (capsid) and genetic material, either DNA or RNA
- Shapes: vary among viral species, including icosahedral, helical, and complex structures
- Mode of entry: can enter cells through various mechanisms, including endocytosis, phagocytosis, and direct penetration.
- Microbial classification:
- Phenotype: observable characteristics of microbes, such as morphology, colony appearance, and biochemical reactions
- Serotype: based on the presence and structure of antigenic surfaces, used to distinguish between different strains of the same species
- Genotype: based on the genetic makeup of microbes, used for more precise identification and classification.
- Biosafety level: refers to the level of containment required for handling and studying various microorganisms, based on their potential to cause harm to human health and the environment.
- Bacterial classification:
- Morphology: used to describe the general structure of bacteria, including size, shape, and color
- Cell structure: includes both internal and external structures
- Cocci: spherical bacteria, including monococci, diplococci, and tetrads
- Bacilli: rod-shaped bacteria, including monobacilli, diplobacilli, and streptobacilli
- Spiral bacteria: include spirilla and spirochetes
- Gram positive: have a single plasma membrane, and a thick peptidoglycan layer
- Gram negative: have a double plasma membrane, and a thin peptidoglycan layer, with a outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
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