Microbiology Overview and Bacterial Identification
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Questions and Answers

What organism that plays an important role in the breakdown of oil in water?

  • Cloaca Maxima
  • Alcanivorax borkumensis (correct)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Hippocrates

    • What is the name of the sewer system that ran through ancient Rome?

  • Deepwater Horizon
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Cloaca Maxima (correct)
  • Lumbar puncture

    • What is the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in baking?

  • It carries away waste from the city.
  • It is a naturally occurring oil-eating bacterium.
  • It helps to breakdown oil spills.
  • It causes bread to rise. (correct)

    • What is the name of the person often considered the 'father of Western medicine'?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might a cloudy sample of cerebrospinal fluid indicate?

    <p>A possible infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific method used to draw a sample of spinal fluid?

    <p>Lumbar puncture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the oil spill that led to an increase in the population of oil-eating bacteria?

    <p>Deepwater Horizon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of microorganism that causes bread to rise?

    <p>Yeast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following kingdoms did Ernst Haeckel originally include in his tree of life?

    <p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key addition made by Woese and Fox to the classification of organisms?

    <p>The domain Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the criteria used in the five kingdom classification system?

    <p>Number of species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is commonly used to identify and classify bacteria?

    <p>Bergey’s manuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common shape of bacteria characterized as a rod shape?

    <p>Bacillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following arrangements describes bacteria that are found in pairs?

    <p>Diplo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of nutrition involves organisms that absorb nutrients from their environment?

    <p>Absorptive heterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measurement must an object reach to be visible without a microscope?

    <p>100 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Thucydides' observation regarding the Athenian plague?

    <p>Survivors developed immunity to the infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contribution did Marcus Terentius Varro make to the understanding of disease?

    <p>He proposed that disease could be caused by unseen minute creatures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is recognized for advancing the fields of microbiology and immunology?

    <p>Louis Pasteur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific diseases did Robert Koch identify the microbes for?

    <p>Anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an inoculation loop in microbiology?

    <p>To streak bacteria on agar in a Petri dish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Golden Age of Microbiology, which two scientists were primarily noted for their breakthroughs?

    <p>Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about microorganisms is true?

    <p>Microorganisms can be used in the production of food and beverages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes yeast from coccus bacteria?

    <p>Yeast is larger and eukaryotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phylum includes organisms that reproduce sexually and are classified as molds?

    <p>Phylum Zygomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is the beef tapeworm, Taenia saginata?

    <p>Flatworm in Class Cestoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are Archaea and Bacteria primarily differentiated?

    <p>By their metabolic pathways and genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of viruses as described?

    <p>They are acellular and require a host to replicate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is known to cause avian flu?

    <p>Influenza A virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of micro-organisms classified under Eukarya?

    <p>They contain a cellular nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes archaea from other organisms?

    <p>Monolayer of phospholipids in the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is shared by both Archaea and Bacteria?

    <p>They lack a cellular nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that Carl Woese used to create a phylogenetic tree?

    <p>Genetic similarity using small subunit ribosomal RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the kingdoms proposed by Robert Whitaker?

    <p>Bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common method for identifying bacteria?

    <p>DNA/RNA analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is shared by the protists classified as 'animal-like'?

    <p>They vary in locomotion methods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Candida albicans play in human health?

    <p>It causes infections such as oral thrush</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism are diatoms classified as?

    <p>Plant-like protists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a group of bacteria that shares a particular morphological feature?

    <p>Staph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided classifications, a helminth that is a flatworm and a parasite is most likely categorized under which of the following groups?

    <p>Phylum Platyhelminths, Class Trematoda</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a newly discovered microorganism is found to contain a cellular nucleus, which of the following classifications can definitively be ruled out?

    <p>Prokaryote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the classification of Candida albicans based on the provided information?

    <p>Eukaryotic yeast, distinguished by its cellular structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Considering the classification based on sexual reproduction of spores, which phylum categorizes molds?

    <p>Phylum Zygomycetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a microscopic organism is discovered and found to possess neither a cellular nucleus nor any other cellular structures, which of the following would be the most suitable classification?

    <p>Acellular Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary function of the Cloaca Maxima in ancient Rome?

    <p>To carry waste away from the city and into the river.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information, how did the Alcanivorax borkumensis bacteria contribute to the cleanup of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill?

    <p>By directly consuming the hydrocarbons in the oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Hippocrates primarily champion in the context of disease causation?

    <p>Diseases have natural causes, not supernatural ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a lumbar puncture as described in the provided content?

    <p>To collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid for testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily indicated by an abnormally cloudy cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sample?

    <p>A potential sign of infection, that needs further investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the metabolic actions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in bread making?

    <p>It ferments carbohydrates, yielding carbon dioxide which causes the dough to rise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the phrase 'father of Western medicine' with respect to Hippocrates?

    <p>He was the pioneer in understanding that diseases have natural causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Deepwater Horizon oil spill and Alcanivorax borkumensis?

    <p>The oil spill resulted in a population increase of <em>Alcanivorax borkumensis</em> as they consumed the oil.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is UNIQUE to archaea and NOT found in bacteria, according to the provided information?

    <p>Monolayer of phospholipids in the cell membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on locomotion, which group of protozoans utilizes pseudopods for movement?

    <p>Amebas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of 'plant-like' protists such as diatoms?

    <p>They are microscopic and can perform photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microbial group is noted for its diverse range of habitats, including extreme environments such as hot springs and high salt concentration environments?

    <p>Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic used to classify protozoa?

    <p>Cell wall composition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification system uses genetic similarity based on small subunit ribosomal RNA to group organisms into three domains?

    <p>Woese's system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of organism is Candida albicans?

    <p>A unicellular fungus (yeast)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the cell membrane structure of archaea that differentiates it from bacteria?

    <p>They contain a monolayer of phospholipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is primarily used to identify and classify bacteria?

    <p>Biochemical, DNA/RNA analysis, and serological testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, which of the following is a defining feature of staphylococci?

    <p>Grapelike cluster arrangement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the correct hierarchical order of taxonomic groups, from broadest to most specific?

    <p>Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key distinction used to differentiate between the Bacteria and Eukarya domains?

    <p>Presence of a nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided information, what was the primary basis for Woese and Fox's classification system?

    <p>Small subunit RNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutritional type is characterized by the absorption of nutrients from the environment?

    <p>Absorptive heterotroph</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a bacterium is described as a 'coccobacillus', what does this indicate about its shape?

    <p>It is a combination of spherical and rod-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What bacterial arrangement is characterized by cells in a configuration of eight?

    <p>Sarcinae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate size of a typical bacterium relative to a typical plant or animal cell, as referenced in the text?

    <p>10 times smaller</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key difference between Haeckel's original tree of life and his later addition of the Monera kingdom?

    <p>Classification of prokaryotic organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options accurately describes the relationship between Bergey's Manuals and bacterial classification?

    <p>They are used to identify and classify bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An object must measure approximately how many micrometers to be visible without a microscope?

    <p>100 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to the invention of the microscope, what principle regarding disease spread was correctly inferred by some people?

    <p>Infection and disease are spread by living things too small to see.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following practices was NOT mentioned as an example of human use of microbes prior to the Golden Age of Microbiology?

    <p>Developing antibiotic medications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary contribution of Carolus Linnaeus that is relevant to the field of microbiology?

    <p>He created a new system for categorizing plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marcus Terentius Varro's hypothesis about disease causation primarily challenged which prevailing idea?

    <p>The idea that disease was transmitted through physical contact alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The work of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch during the Golden Age of Microbiology is BEST characterized as establishing:

    <p>The germ theory of disease and practical lab techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a tool commonly used for microbiology as shown in the content?

    <p>Incubators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Athenian plague did Thucydides' observations specifically highlight?

    <p>The development of immunity among survivors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the information provided, the use of an inoculation loop for streaking agar in a petri dish is MOST closely associated with:

    <p>Isolating specific colonies of bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best represents the progression of understanding related to microbes as evidenced by history in the text?

    <p>From recognizing the link between disease and invisible organisms, to practical applications of microbiology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The development of microbiology during the Golden Age advanced the understanding of which branch of science?

    <p>Medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology Overview

    • Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye
    • Microorganisms are found in all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
    • Microorganisms (or microbes) are living organisms
    • Often too small to be seen without a microscope
    • Humans have utilized microbes for millennia to create fermented foods
    • Infection and disease spread is sometimes linked to microbes
    • Early thinkers made observations of disease transmission by microscopic entities
    • Scientists like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek used microscopes to see microbes like bacteria
    • The Golden Age of Microbiology (1857-1914) saw breakthroughs connecting microbiology and medicine
    • Scientists like Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch made crucial discoveries

    Bacterial Identification

    • Techniques used to identify bacteria include biochemical tests, DNA/RNA analysis, and serological testing
    • Bergey's manuals are standard resources for identifying and classifying bacteria

    Microbial Classification

    • Organisms are categorized into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya, based on similarities in their genetic makeup
    • Archaea differs from bacteria in their evolutionary history, genetics, metabolic pathways, and cell wall/membrane composition
    • Eukaryotic organisms studied by microbiologists include algae, protozoa, fungi, and helminths
    • Algae are like plant-like organisms and use photosynthesis
    • Protozoa are single-celled and have complex structures, many being motile
    • Fungi can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds and mushrooms)
    • Helminths are multicellular parasitic worms
    • Viruses are acellular and require a host cell to reproduce

    Prokaryotic Microorganisms

    • Bacteria exhibit diverse shapes like coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), vibrio (comma-shaped), coccobacillus (combination of coccus and bacillus), spirillum (spiral-shaped), and spirochete (corkscrew-shaped)
    • Bacteria can be found in different arrangements (single, diplo, tetrad, sarcinae, chain, cluster, palisade)

    Protista

    • Protists are eukaryotes with diverse forms
    • Examples: diatoms (algae), protozoans (e.g., Giardia lamblia).
    • Diatoms are microscopic algae, common in water and ice
    • Can be viewed using a light microscope

    Fungi

    • Fungi can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds/mushrooms)
    • Fungi's classification system is based on sexual reproduction
    • There are three major fungal phyla
      • Zygomycota
      • Ascomycota
      • Basidiomycota

    Helminths

    • These are multicellular parasitic worms, classified based on morphology
    • Includes tapeworms (Cestoda) and flukes (Trematoda)
    • Also roundworms (Nematoda)

    Viruses

    • Viruses are acellular; they require living cells to reproduce
    • Examples of viruses and disease are included (e.g., Influenza A, coronaviruses, Ebolavirus)

    Archaea

    • Archaea live in extreme environments like hot springs (e.g., Yellowstone National Park)
    • Distinctive structural features include pseudopeptidoglycan cell walls and monolayer phospholipid cell membranes
    • Examples of archaea include thermophiles (high temperature), acidophiles, and halophiles (high salt).

    Other

    • A variety of microscopic organisms were used in the past to clarify disease transmissions
    • Scientists now understand many infections are caused by these microbes
    • Scientists study the genetic relationship between microbes to classify and track their evolution

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