Microbiology Overview and Antimicrobials
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Questions and Answers

What type of fungal infection is primarily characterized by infection of mucous membranes, hair, nails, and moist skin areas?

  • Superficial infections (correct)
  • Systemic infections
  • Opportunistic infections
  • Dermatophytic infections

What factor increases the risk of opportunistic fungal infections?

  • Being immunocompromised (correct)
  • Severe nutritional deficiencies
  • Contact with infected surfaces
  • Frequent bathing

Which adverse effect is least likely to occur in patients taking antifungal medication?

  • Nausea
  • Dizziness
  • Rash
  • Severe allergic reaction (correct)

What is the primary purpose of antifungal drugs?

<p>To treat fungal infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following fungi is specifically known for causing oral candidiasis?

<p>Candida albicans (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protozoan parasite is responsible for causing malaria?

<p>Plasmodium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of effects are typically associated with the gastrointestinal side effects of antifungal treatments?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does the genus Plasmodium use to spread malaria?

<p>Bites from infected mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which antimalarial drugs interrupt plasmodial reproduction?

<p>Block protein synthesis in red blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common CNS effect associated with anti-protozoal drugs?

<p>Headache (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of parasitic worms enters the human intestine via contaminated food?

<p>Cestodes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common site for helminthiasis infections?

<p>Intestine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adverse effects is associated with anti-protozoal drugs?

<p>Peripheral neuropathy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is primarily responsible for amoebiasis?

<p>Entamoeba histolytica (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about helminths is false?

<p>They only affect the gastrointestinal tract. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adverse effect is NOT commonly reported with anti-protozoal medications?

<p>Hair loss (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of protozoans?

<p>They can reproduce both sexually and asexually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does antibacterial action NOT involve?

<p>Inhibition of viral replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following protozoans is NOT listed as an example?

<p>Giardia lamblia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor affecting the effectiveness of antibacterial drugs?

<p>The concentration of the drug at binding sites (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a weak immune system have on addressing protozoan infections?

<p>It hinders the body's ability to deal with invading organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding helminths?

<p>They live and lay eggs in warm, moist soil with poor sanitation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can often limit the effectiveness of drug therapy for infections?

<p>Inadequate natural defense mechanisms of the host (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding the pharmacokinetics of antibacterial drugs is accurate?

<p>They must penetrate the bacterial cell wall in sufficient concentrations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Antifungal drugs

Medicines used to treat fungal infections, also known as mycosis.

Local fungal infections

Fungal infections affecting the skin, nails, hair, or mucous membranes.

Dermatophytes

Fungi that cause local infections of the skin, hair, and nails.

Oral candidiasis (thrush)

A fungal infection in the mouth caused by Candida albicans.

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Opportunistic infections

Infections that occur in people with weakened immune systems.

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Adverse effects of Antifungals

Unwanted side effects of antifungal drugs, which can include issues with the nervous system, stomach, liver, skin and kidneys.

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Malaria

A serious disease caused by parasites carried by mosquitos.

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Antiprotozoal drugs

Medicines used to treat infections caused by protozoa.

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Antiprotozoal drug action

These drugs disrupt the reproduction of protozoa, interfering with their ability to multiply and infect.

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Common antiprotozoal adverse effects

Side effects from these medications often impact the nervous system (headache, dizziness), digestive system (nausea, diarrhea), and overall health (superinfections).

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What are helminths?

Parasitic worms that thrive in warm, moist, unsanitary environments, often entering the host through contaminated soil or food.

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Helminth transmission

Helminths infect humans by entering the body through contaminated soil, food, or insect bites, often settling in the intestine.

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Tapeworm types

Several tapeworm species, including pork, beef, fish, and dwarf varieties, infect humans through contaminated meat or fish.

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Liver fluke infections

Liver flukes, like Fasciola hepatica, parasite the liver, while others (like Fasciolopsis buski) attack the intestines.

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Intestinal nematode examples

Intestinal roundworms like hookworms, pinworms, threadworms, and whipworms are common parasites that can cause discomfort and health issues.

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Cestodes, Trematodes, and Nematodes

These are the three major groups of helminths. They differ in their shape, life cycle, and the parts of the human body they infect.

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What are protozoa?

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms, often living in moist areas, capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction.

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How do protozoa cause illness?

They can infect humans and other animals, causing various diseases.

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What are examples of protozoa?

Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale.

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What are five mechanisms of antibacterial drug action?

  1. Inhibition of bacterial cell-wall synthesis, 2. Alteration of membrane permeability, 3. Inhibition of protein synthesis, 4. Inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis, 5. Interference with metabolism.
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What is important for effective antibacterial action?

Drugs must reach sufficient concentrations in the bacterial cell and bind to specific sites.

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Why is a strong immune system important for antibacterial drugs?

It assists in fighting infections, making drug therapy more effective.

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What is the role of pharmacokinetics in antibacterial drugs?

It studies how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated in the body.

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Study Notes

Microbiology

  • Microorganisms are also known as mycosis, tinea, or candidiasis.
  • Bacteria are prokaryotic.
  • Gram-positive bacteria do not retain stain.
    • Staphylococcus aureus
    • Staphylococcus epidermidis
    • Enterococcus avium
    • Staphylococcus simulans
    • Streptococcus milleri
    • Staphylococcus aureus subspecies
    • Staphylococcus hominis
    • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Gram-negative bacteria retain stain.
    • Escherichia coli
    • Enterobacter cloacae
    • Klebsiella pneumoniae
    • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    • Citrobacter koseri
    • Serratia marcescens
    • Morganella morganii
    • Baumann Acinetobacter
    • Klebsiella oxytoca
    • Bacillus
  • Cocci are spherical. Clusters of cocci are called staphylococci, while chains are called streptococci.

Antimicrobials

  • Antimicrobials are chemicals produced by organisms to stop the growth, or kill, other organisms.
  • A patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) will likely get vancomycin.
  • Oseltamivir is sensitive to influenza A.

Viruses

  • Viruses are noncellular, nonliving agents. They consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) inside a protective coat.
  • Viruses reproduce by using host cells' DNA and RNA to generate more viruses.
  • Examples include influenza A, B, and C, herpes viruses, hepatitis viruses, and HIV.

Antifungals

  • Antifungal drugs are used to treat fungal infections (mycosis).
  • Antifungal drugs are fungistatic or fungicidal depending on the type of fungus and the dose.
  • Examples include amphotericin B, Nystatin, Fluconazole, flucytosine, caspofungin, and griseofulvin.

Antiprotozoal

  • Malaria is a life-threatenning disease caused by various species of protozoan parasites in the genus Plasmodium. It is spread by infected Anopheles mosquitoes.
  • Antiprotozoa are used to treat malaria.
  • Examples include Chloroquine (CQ) and Amodiaquine (AQ).

Antibacterial

  • Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
  • Antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial infections can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
  • Bacteriostatic antibiotics stop the growth of the bacterium, while bactericidal antibiotics kill the bacterium.

Anthelmintics

  • Helminths are large parasitic worms that live and lay eggs in warm, moist soil where sanitation and hygiene are poor.
  • Diseases are caused by worms:
    • Cestodes (tapeworms)
    • Trematodes (flukes)
    • Intestinal nematodes (roundworms)
    • Tissue-invading nematodes (tissue roundworms)
  • Anthelmintics are used to treat infections caused by worms.
  • Examples of anthelmintics include mebendazole, pyrantel, and praziquantel.

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Description

This quiz covers key concepts in microbiology, focusing on the characteristics of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Additionally, it discusses the role of antimicrobials and their importance in treating infections, such as those caused by MRSA. Test your knowledge on these fundamental topics!

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