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Questions and Answers
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a typical way that antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria?
Which of the following mechanisms is NOT a typical way that antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria?
- Acquisition of viral vectors to directly attack the antibiotic molecule. (correct)
- Decreasing the permeability of the bacterial cell wall to the antibiotic.
- Overproduction of the bacterial target that the antibiotic inhibits.
- Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic.
A patient presents with a persistent cough, night sweats, and weight loss. A sputum sample tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Considering the standard treatment regimen, which combination of medications is typically initiated during the intensive phase?
A patient presents with a persistent cough, night sweats, and weight loss. A sputum sample tests positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Considering the standard treatment regimen, which combination of medications is typically initiated during the intensive phase?
- Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Ciprofloxacin and Isoniazid.
- Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, Azithromycin and Ethambutol.
- Isoniazid, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol. (correct)
- Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, and Amoxicillin.
A patient with HIV has been prescribed Efavirenz as part of their antiretroviral therapy. What instruction regarding its administration should the patient receive?
A patient with HIV has been prescribed Efavirenz as part of their antiretroviral therapy. What instruction regarding its administration should the patient receive?
- Efavirenz should be administered with grapefruit juice to enhance its effect.
- Take Efavirenz with a high-fat meal to increase absorption.
- Take Efavirenz with an antacid to reduce gastrointestinal side effects.
- Efavirenz should be taken on an empty stomach, preferably at bedtime. (correct)
A patient is diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism (PE) following a long flight. According to Virchow's triad, which of the following factors likely contributed to the development of the PE?
A patient is diagnosed with a pulmonary embolism (PE) following a long flight. According to Virchow's triad, which of the following factors likely contributed to the development of the PE?
Which of the following best describes the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antimicrobials?
Which of the following best describes the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic antimicrobials?
A researcher is investigating a novel bacterial species and discovers it produces a toxin that is heat-stable, released upon cell lysis, and activates the complement cascade, leading to septic shock. Which type of toxin is MOST consistent with these characteristics?
A researcher is investigating a novel bacterial species and discovers it produces a toxin that is heat-stable, released upon cell lysis, and activates the complement cascade, leading to septic shock. Which type of toxin is MOST consistent with these characteristics?
A patient is diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The culture and sensitivity report indicates resistance to multiple beta-lactam antibiotics. Which of the following mechanisms is MOST likely responsible for this resistance?
A patient is diagnosed with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The culture and sensitivity report indicates resistance to multiple beta-lactam antibiotics. Which of the following mechanisms is MOST likely responsible for this resistance?
Which statement BEST describes the rationale for using multiple drugs (e.g., isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) in the initial treatment of active tuberculosis (TB)?
Which statement BEST describes the rationale for using multiple drugs (e.g., isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) in the initial treatment of active tuberculosis (TB)?
A patient with a known history of asthma is admitted to the emergency department experiencing severe respiratory distress, including wheezing, shortness of breath, and a peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate of less than 25% of their personal best. Initial treatment with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids provides minimal relief. Which of these conditions is MOST likely to be occurring, given the patient's presentation and lack of response to initial treatment?
A patient with a known history of asthma is admitted to the emergency department experiencing severe respiratory distress, including wheezing, shortness of breath, and a peak expiratory flow (PEF) rate of less than 25% of their personal best. Initial treatment with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids provides minimal relief. Which of these conditions is MOST likely to be occurring, given the patient's presentation and lack of response to initial treatment?
A patient presents with shortness of breath. A ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan reveals a normal ventilation rate but decreased perfusion in the right lung, indicating a V/Q mismatch. Which condition is MOST likely responsible for this finding?
A patient presents with shortness of breath. A ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scan reveals a normal ventilation rate but decreased perfusion in the right lung, indicating a V/Q mismatch. Which condition is MOST likely responsible for this finding?
Flashcards
Exotoxins
Exotoxins
Substances, usually proteins or lipids, produced inside pathogenic bacteria as part of their growth and metabolism. They are secreted into the surrounding medium or released when the cell lyses.
Endotoxins
Endotoxins
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. They are released when the cell dies and the cell wall breaks apart.
Endospores
Endospores
Dormant, tough, and non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria. They ensure the survival of a bacterium through periods of environmental stress.
Bactericidal
Bactericidal
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Bacteriostatic
Bacteriostatic
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Bacterial Infection
Bacterial Infection
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MRSA
MRSA
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Autoimmune Disorder
Autoimmune Disorder
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Allergy
Allergy
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Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis
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Study Notes
Temperature and Fever
- Fever helps the immune system.
- Hyperthermia can have various stages, each characterized by specific signs, symptoms, and consequences.
Bacterial Infections
- Chain of transmission, pathogenicity, communicability, and virulence are all factors of infection.
- Risks of infection can be increased by a variety of elements
- Exotoxins and endotoxins differ in mechanism and effects.
- Endospores have a specific role and mechanism.
- Antibiotic use can lead to antimicrobial resistance and other limitations.
Antimicrobials Rundown
- Nosocomial infections commonly involve drug-resistant bacteria.
- Superinfection: An infection that occurs on top of another infection.
- Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria directly, while bacteriostatic antibiotics inhibit their growth.
- Fundamental difference exists between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
- MRSA and Pseudomonas infections require knowledge of specific antibiotic treatments.
- Antimicrobial classes need to be understood in terms of their mechanisms and adverse effects.
- Specific antimicrobials include Gentamicin, Cephalosporin, Penicillin group (β-lactams like Vancomycin), Tetracycline, and Macrolides
Immune Dysfunction Details
- Autoimmune disorders should be described and recognized.
- The four types of hypersensitivity reactions, and their related immunoglobulins, should be understood.
- Anaphylaxis and other allergic reactions must be understood.
- Histamine plays a key role in allergic responses.
Immune System Drugs
- Cyclooxygenase inhibitors and glucocorticoid drugs mechanism of action and side effects, need to be known
- Cyclosporine is useful as an immunosuppressant.
Inflammation Information
- Exudate happens and types include: serous, fibrinous, purulent, catarrhal.
- Opsonization is the function of the Complement Cascade.
- Localized vs. generalized inflammation exhibits distinct characteristics.
- Macrophages, Neutrophils, and other specific cells are important roles in inflammation.
Pain and Pain Meds
- Pain process and pain pathways play a key role in treatment.
- Pain fibers exhibit unique traits.
- Need to understand Opioid medications mechanism of action and side effects.
- Other pain medications to know: Narcan, Buprenorphine, Clonidine, and Ultram.
Antiviral and Antifungal Pharmacology
- Antiviral and antifungal drugs each have unique mechanisms and side effects.
- Antivirals: Acyclovir, Flu Vaccines, Protease Inhibitors (as a group), Tamiflu, Efavirenz, Nelfinavir, and Zidovudine.
- Antifungals: Voriconazole, Amphotericin B, and Azoles as a group.
- HIV transmission modes, expected lab findings, and AIDS diagnoses must be understood.
- Superficial, mucocutaneous, and primary/deep are all types of fungal infections.
Additional Information
- Eating considerations apply for Efavirenz, so take note when administering.
- There are common side effects to Nelfinavir, so monitor for them when administering.
Pulmonary Diseases & Treatments
- T.B. medications: Rifmapin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.
- Pathophysiology:
- TB: Testing results, Adherence, Drug resistance, comparing Latent vs Active, and Transmission.
- Pulmonary Embolism: Causes, composition, prevention, and clinical manifestations.
- Pulmonary Edema: Clinical manifestations, and primary cause.
- Pneumonia: Clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis.
- Virchow's triad is pathognomonic for PE.
- Pulmonary disorders: Hypoxemia, Hypoxia, and ventilation/perfusion.
- Asthma Extrinsic: Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations.
- Status Asthmatics
- COPD: Types: Chronic Bronchitis VS Emphysema: clinical manifestations and pathogenesis must be known.
- Pneumothorax and pleural effusion: types of pleural effusion.
- Pulmonary medications:
- Albuterol SABA
- Glucocorticoids: how it works and its side effects.
- Long acting B agonists LABA indication.
- Singulair
- Corticosteroids: how it work in treating Asthma, their side effects, and patient teaching.
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Description
Benefits of fever and hyperthermia stages. Bacterial infection factors such as transmission chain, pathogenicity, and virulence. Compare exotoxins and endotoxins, and know the limitations of antibiotic use.
