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What is the primary function of the skin in terms of defence?
What is the primary function of the skin in terms of defence?
What is the purpose of sebum and perspiration in the skin?
What is the purpose of sebum and perspiration in the skin?
What type of bacteria are primarily found in the normal microbiota of the skin?
What type of bacteria are primarily found in the normal microbiota of the skin?
Which bacteria is responsible for causing folliculitis, boils, and toxic shock syndrome?
Which bacteria is responsible for causing folliculitis, boils, and toxic shock syndrome?
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What is the name of the enzyme produced by the skin that breaks down bacterial cell walls?
What is the name of the enzyme produced by the skin that breaks down bacterial cell walls?
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Which bacteria is sensitive to bacitracin and causes infantigo and necrotizing fasciitis?
Which bacteria is sensitive to bacitracin and causes infantigo and necrotizing fasciitis?
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Which bacteria is known for producing a greenish pigment and having a distinct smell, often compared to corn tortillas?
Which bacteria is known for producing a greenish pigment and having a distinct smell, often compared to corn tortillas?
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What is the type of bacterium that causes acne and is sensitive to topical treatments?
What is the type of bacterium that causes acne and is sensitive to topical treatments?
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Which virus is responsible for causing shingles?
Which virus is responsible for causing shingles?
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What is the name of the nerve that allows herpes simplex type 1 to access the mouth region?
What is the name of the nerve that allows herpes simplex type 1 to access the mouth region?
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What is the name of the rash caused by herpes virus 6?
What is the name of the rash caused by herpes virus 6?
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What is the name of the fungus that causes thrush or oral thrush?
What is the name of the fungus that causes thrush or oral thrush?
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What is the name of the parasite that burrows under the skin and causes red lines?
What is the name of the parasite that burrows under the skin and causes red lines?
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What is the name of the bacterial infection that can cause pink eye, weeping, and potential blindness if left untreated?
What is the name of the bacterial infection that can cause pink eye, weeping, and potential blindness if left untreated?
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What is the name of the vaccine that is available for measles, mumps, and rubella?
What is the name of the vaccine that is available for measles, mumps, and rubella?
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What is the primary function of the normal flora in the skin?
What is the primary function of the normal flora in the skin?
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Which type of bacteria is commonly found in the nose?
Which type of bacteria is commonly found in the nose?
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What is the function of lysozyme in the skin?
What is the function of lysozyme in the skin?
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What is the name of the type of bacteria that causes otitis externa (swimmer's ear)?
What is the name of the type of bacteria that causes otitis externa (swimmer's ear)?
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What is the characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
What is the characteristic of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
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What is the function of the skin's top layer?
What is the function of the skin's top layer?
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Which type of bacteria is known for causing infantigo and necrotizing fasciitis?
Which type of bacteria is known for causing infantigo and necrotizing fasciitis?
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What is the purpose of the mucous membranes in the body?
What is the purpose of the mucous membranes in the body?
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What is the characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus infections?
What is the characteristic of Staphylococcus aureus infections?
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What is the function of sebaceous secretions in the skin?
What is the function of sebaceous secretions in the skin?
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What is the primary cause of warts?
What is the primary cause of warts?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of smallpox?
Which of the following is a characteristic of smallpox?
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What is the name of the virus that causes shingles?
What is the name of the virus that causes shingles?
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Where does Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1) remain dormant?
Where does Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1) remain dormant?
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What is the name of the rash caused by the measles virus?
What is the name of the rash caused by the measles virus?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for measles?
What is the primary mode of transmission for measles?
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What is the name of the fungus that causes ringworm, jock itch, and athlete's foot?
What is the name of the fungus that causes ringworm, jock itch, and athlete's foot?
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What is the name of the parasite that causes red lines and itchiness on the skin?
What is the name of the parasite that causes red lines and itchiness on the skin?
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What is the name of the bacterial infection that can cause pink eye, weeping, and potential blindness if left untreated?
What is the name of the bacterial infection that can cause pink eye, weeping, and potential blindness if left untreated?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of rosalia?
Which of the following is a characteristic of rosalia?
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What is a characteristic of the male skull?
What is a characteristic of the male skull?
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What is the main function of red bone marrow in the bones?
What is the main function of red bone marrow in the bones?
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What is the primary function of bones in the body?
What is the primary function of bones in the body?
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What is a characteristic of the male pelvis?
What is a characteristic of the male pelvis?
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What is the function of bones in body movement?
What is the function of bones in body movement?
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What is the term for the process of producing blood cells?
What is the term for the process of producing blood cells?
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What is a component of bone matrix?
What is a component of bone matrix?
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What is the term for the small holes in the bone matrix that contain osteocytes?
What is the term for the small holes in the bone matrix that contain osteocytes?
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What type of joints are connected together with short fibers?
What type of joints are connected together with short fibers?
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What type of joints have a disc of cartilage and are slightly movable?
What type of joints have a disc of cartilage and are slightly movable?
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What type of joints are covered with hyaline cartilage and have a fibrous joint capsule?
What type of joints are covered with hyaline cartilage and have a fibrous joint capsule?
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Which bone is the patella?
Which bone is the patella?
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Which bones are part of the foot?
Which bones are part of the foot?
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What is the function of ligaments in synovial joints?
What is the function of ligaments in synovial joints?
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What type of joints are freely movable?
What type of joints are freely movable?
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Which bone is the ilium?
Which bone is the ilium?
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What is the primary reason for the body to store calcium in bones?
What is the primary reason for the body to store calcium in bones?
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What type of ossification begins with a cartilage model?
What type of ossification begins with a cartilage model?
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What is the term for the primary ossification center in the diaphysis?
What is the term for the primary ossification center in the diaphysis?
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What is the term for the process of bone growth where bones begin as a tough, fibrous membrane?
What is the term for the process of bone growth where bones begin as a tough, fibrous membrane?
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What is the role of osteoblasts in bone growth?
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone growth?
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What is the term for the shaft of a long bone?
What is the term for the shaft of a long bone?
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What is the process of bone growth where bones begin as a cartilage model?
What is the process of bone growth where bones begin as a cartilage model?
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What is the main function of calcium storage in bones?
What is the main function of calcium storage in bones?
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What is the process called when bones begin as a tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts?
What is the process called when bones begin as a tough membrane and are turned to bone by osteoblasts?
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What are the openings in bones that allow passage for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments?
What are the openings in bones that allow passage for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments?
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What is the name of the projection situated above a condyle?
What is the name of the projection situated above a condyle?
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What is the term for a relatively deep pit or depression in a bone?
What is the term for a relatively deep pit or depression in a bone?
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What is the purpose of the different structures found in bones?
What is the purpose of the different structures found in bones?
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What is the term for a narrow, ridge-like projection on a bone?
What is the term for a narrow, ridge-like projection on a bone?
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What is the process called when primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis?
What is the process called when primary ossification occurs in the diaphysis of the bone and secondary ossification occurs in the epiphysis?
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What is the term for a rounded process that usually articulates with another bone?
What is the term for a rounded process that usually articulates with another bone?
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What is the primary characteristic of osteoarthritis?
What is the primary characteristic of osteoarthritis?
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What are the main components of bone?
What are the main components of bone?
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What is the epiphysis?
What is the epiphysis?
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What is the function of the periosteum?
What is the function of the periosteum?
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What is the characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis?
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What type of bones make up the skeleton?
What type of bones make up the skeleton?
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What is the function of the endosteum?
What is the function of the endosteum?
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What covers the end of the long bones?
What covers the end of the long bones?
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Study Notes
Here is a summary of the text in detailed bullet points:
• The skin acts as a physical barrier, a cutaneous membrane of closely packed cells, making it hard for substances to move in and out.
• The skin has normal flora, producing acidic secretions and shedding its top layer, which is constantly replaced.
• Sebum from oil glands and perspiration cleanse the skin and produce lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
• Mucous membranes, including those covering the eyes, act as physical and chemical barriers.
• The normal microbiota, or normal flora, primarily consists of gram-positive cocci and bacilli.
• Examples of normal microbiota include Staphylococcus aureus in the nose, Staphylococcus epidermidis on the skin, and Micrococcus species.
• Staphylococcus aureus can cause folliculitis, boils, abscesses, and carbuncles, as well as infantigo, scalding skin syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome.
• Staphylococcus aureus infections can be mild to severe, and the bacteria can produce invasive factors, such as coagulase.
• Streptococcus pyogenes is a group A strep that causes infantigo, erysipelas, and necrotizing fasciitis.
• Streptococcus pyogenes is sensitive to bacitracin and produces hemolysin, which breaks down red blood cells.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic infection that can cause otitis externa (swimmer's ear) and is resistant to many antibiotics.
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a greenish pigment and has a distinct smell, often compared to corn tortillas.
• Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive bacillus that causes acne and is sensitive to topical treatments.
• Viral diseases of the skin include warts, smallpox, chickenpox, shingles, measles, German measles, and roseola.
• Warts are caused by the papilloma virus and are typically benign growths that can be treated with cryotherapy or topical creams.
• Smallpox is a pox virus that has been eradicated, but the vaccine is still kept in high-security areas due to bioterrorism concerns.
• Chickenpox is a herpes virus that can cause shingles, a latent infection that can be triggered by stress.
• Shingles can be treated with antiviral medications like acyclovir, and a vaccine is available for prevention.
• Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, are caused by herpes simplex type 1 and are highly contagious.
• Herpes simplex type 1 can remain latent in nerve ganglia and reactivate as cold sores.• Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV-1) infects a significant portion of the population, and it should not be confused with canker sores. • HSV-1 remains dormant in the trigeminal nerve, which is a cranial nerve found in the head with three branches: to the forehead, maxilla (top lip), and mandible (lower jaw). • The trigeminal nerve allows the virus to access the mouth region, and triggers can include sunlight, UV light, stress, and certain hormones. • Herpes simplex encephalitis is a rare and severe complication of HSV-1 infection, with a high fatality rate and potential for serious neurological damage in survivors. • Fever blisters caused by HSV-1 are found on the lips and in the mouth, whereas canker sores are found on the tongue, cheek, or inside the mouth. • Macular rashes include measles, rubella, and Rosalia, which are transmitted through the respiratory system and can be spread through aerosols. • Measles is extremely contagious and can be a dangerous infection, with the virus shed prior to the outbreak, making herd immunity difficult to attain. • The MMR vaccine is available for measles, mumps, and rubella, and is typically given at 1 year of age, with limited protection provided by maternal antibodies. • Rubella, also known as German measles, is a milder case than measles, but is associated with birth defects if the mother is exposed during pregnancy. • Rosalia, or herpes virus 6, causes a mild rash and high fever that lasts for a couple of days, but provides good immunity after recovery. • Fungal diseases of the skin include cutaneous mycoses or dermatophytoses, which can cause ringworm, jock itch, athlete's foot, and nail infections. • Candida albicans causes thrush or oral thrush, especially in children and immunocompromised individuals. • Fungal infections can be diagnosed through skin scrapings treated with potassium hydroxide, and may require topical or oral treatment. • Skin parasite infestations include scabies (skin mites) and pediculosis (hair lice), which can cause red lines and itchiness. • Skin mites burrow under the skin, lay eggs, and cause red lines, while hair lice adapt to different body areas and lay eggs on hair follicles. • Both skin mites and hair lice are highly contagious and can be treated with medications and topical treatments. • Bacterial infections of the eye include conjunctivitis, which can be caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Chlamydia trachomatis. • These infections can cause pink eye, weeping, and potential blindness if left untreated.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the microbiology of the skin and eye, including normal flora, bacterial infections, viral diseases, fungal infections, and skin parasite infestations.
