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Microbiology: Mechanisms of Loss of Function

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Microbiology: Mechanisms of Loss of Function

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Questions and Answers

Which mechanism involves the insertion, deletion, and rearrangement of DNA?

Homologous recombination

Loss of function drivers

Point mutation

Illegitimate recombination (correct)

What is a common driver of loss of function according to the text?

Absence of purifying selection for gene function (correct)

Adaptive gain of function

Maximizing metabolic burden

Increased gene expression

According to Hughes and Andersson (2015), what is a key consideration in the cost/benefit analysis of reduced genome content?

Maximizing metabolic burden

Enhancing genetic diversity

Minimizing adaptive potential

Balancing deletions to insertions (correct)

Why might strategies to minimize gene loss in the absence of selection be beneficial for bacterial survival?

To maximize adaptive potential (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to improved fitness by favoring the loss of function?

Adaptive loss (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of lysogenic conversion in bacterial pathogens?

Expression of a new phenotype in the bacterial host (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bacteria encode the Cholera toxin as part of lysogenic conversion?

Vibrio cholerae (A) Signup and view all the answers

In generalized transduction, what does the packaging start from in phages?

Ends or pac sites (B) Signup and view all the answers

How is the process of packaging DNA in phages during generalized transduction analogized in the text?

Packing groceries at the store (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature that differentiates pathogenicity islands (PAIs) from other genomic islands?

Specific association with virulence factors (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential role of transposons in bacterial genomes?

Facilitating horizontal gene transfer (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of mutations can cause a gene to lose function and become a pseudogene?

Nonsense and frameshift mutations (A) Signup and view all the answers

How can missense mutations contribute to the formation of pseudogenes?

By altering the amino acid sequence (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of new lifestyle adaptation, what role can pseudogenes play according to new thinking?

Serving as an adaptive repertoire of selectable traits (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason pseudogenes are not always eliminated despite selective pressure?

Some pseudogenes are transcribed and translated into active proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes pathoadaptation in the evolution of pseudogenes?

Mutations in pseudogenes confer a strong selective advantage in virulent niches (B) Signup and view all the answers

Based on new thinking, what potential role do pseudogenes play in pathogenic evolution?

Serving as a source of selectable traits for improving pathogen fitness (B) Signup and view all the answers