Intestinal Flagellates
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Questions and Answers

In which year was Giardia lamblia first described?

  • 1859 (correct)
  • 1721
  • 1681
  • 1899

    • Where does Giardia lamblia inhabit in the human body?

  • Large intestine
  • Small intestine (correct)
  • Stomach
  • Esophagus

    • What is the shape of the trophozoite of Giardia lamblia?

  • Pear-shaped (correct)
  • Round
  • Oval
  • Rod-shaped

    • What is the function of the sucking disc in the trophozoite of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of nuclei are present in the mature cyst of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of intestinal flagellates?

    <p>Ingestion of cysts in faecally contaminated water or food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the mature cyst of Giardia lamblia?

    <p>11-14 μm × 7-10 μm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for excystation to occur after ingestion of cysts?

    <p>Within 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of colonization of intestinal flagellates?

    <p>Duodenum and upper part of jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the diarrhoea caused by intestinal flagellates?

    <p>Has a foul smell and contains large amounts of mucus and fat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ELISA test in the diagnosis of intestinal flagellates?

    <p>To detect anti-Giardia antibodies in patients’ serum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average incubation period of intestinal flagellates?

    <p>1-4 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Entero test?

    <p>To collect a specimen from the upper intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common side effect of Metronidazole?

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for giardiasis?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diagnostic stage of Chilomastix mesnili?

    <p>Trophozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is infection with Chilomastix mesnili typically acquired?

    <p>Through ingestion of contaminated water or food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the cyst of Chilomastix mesnili?

    <p>Lemon-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the motility of Trichomonas hominis?

    <p>Rapid and jerky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many anterior flagella and one lateral marginal flagellum are present in Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Four anterior and one lateral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the Trophozoite stage of Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Pear-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Trichomonas species is found in the oral cavity and is a commensal?

    <p>T. tenax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of Trichomonas vaginalis in infected females?

    <p>Vagina and urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the discharge in mild vaginitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Liquid, greenish or yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical presentation of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in females?

    <p>Profuse odorous discharge, burning, itching, and dysuria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which Trichomonas vaginalis causes infection?

    <p>Antibody production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most traditional method of diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>Microscopic examination of wet film</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>Metronidazole, 2 g oral single dose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the modified Diamond's media in diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>Culturing the parasite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic appearance of the cervix in Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>Strawberry cervix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of cell-to-cell adhesion in Trichomonas vaginalis?

    <p>Excretion of soluble proteinases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with Trichomonas vaginalis infection in females?

    <p>Vaginal bleeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of diffuse vulval erythema in Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>It is a characteristic symptom of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is microscopic examination of wet film from discharge considered a traditional method of diagnosing Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>It is a rapid method of diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of modified Diamond's media in the diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>To culture the discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests is used to detect DNA of Trichomonas vaginalis in the discharge?

    <p>Molecular techniques (PCR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of strawberry cervix in Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>It is a characteristic symptom of the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Trichomonas vaginalis infection often misdiagnosed as other sexually transmitted diseases?

    <p>Because of the similarity in symptoms with other STDs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of asymptomatic carriers in Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>They are a source of transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of tinidazole over metronidazole in the treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Flagellates

    Intestinal Flagellates

    • Giardia lamblia:
      • Discovered by Leeuwenhoek in 1681
      • High prevalence in tropics and sub-tropical regions with poor sanitation
      • Inhabits duodenum and upper part of jejunum
      • Two forms: Trophozoite and Cyst
    • Trophozoite:
      • Pear-shaped with rounded anterior and pointed posterior end
      • Dorsal surface is convex, ventral surface has a sucking disc
      • Lacks mitochondria
      • Bilaterally symmetrical with:
        • One pair of nuclei
        • One pair of axostyles
        • One pair of parabasal bodies
        • Four pairs of flagella
        • Four pairs of blepharoplasts
    • Cyst:
      • Oval in shape, measuring 11-14 μm × 7-10 μm
      • Two pairs of nuclei
      • Transmission stage or infective form
    • Life cycle:
      • Infection occurs through ingestion of cysts in faecally contaminated water or food
      • Excystation occurs in the duodenum within 30 minutes
      • Trophozoites multiply by binary fission and colonize in the duodenum and upper part of jejunum
      • Encystation occurs in the colon
    • Pathogenicity:
      • Incubation period: 1-4 weeks (average, 10 days)
      • Causes duodenal and jejunal irritation, duodenitis, and jejunitis
      • May cause traveller's diarrhoea
    • Symptoms:
      • Dull epigastric pain
      • Chronic diarrhoea of steatorrhoea type
      • Voluminous, foul-smelling, and contains large amounts of mucus and fat
      • No blood
    • Laboratory diagnosis:
      • General Stool Examination (GSE) to identify cysts in formed stool and trophozoites in diarrhoeal stool
      • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-Giardia antibodies in patients' serum
      • Entero test (string test) to aspirate specimens from the upper intestine
    • Treatment:
      • Metronidazole
      • Tinidazole
      • Furazolidone (popular option for children)

    Non-Pathogenic Intestinal Flagellates

    • Chilomastix mesnili:
      • Occurs with other parasite infections
      • Inhabits human cecum and/or colon
      • Two stages: Trophozoite and Cyst
    • Trophozoite:
      • Motility: Stiff, rotary
      • One nucleus
      • Flagella: 3 anterior, 1 in cytostome
    • Cyst:
      • Nucleus: Mature = 1
      • Cytostome: Lemon-shaped
    • Life cycle:
      • Infection occurs through ingestion of cysts in contaminated water or food
      • Excystation releases trophozoites in the large intestine
    • Trichomonas hominis:
      • Motility: Jerky, rapid
      • One nucleus
      • Flagella: 3-5 anterior, posterior
      • Features: Undulating membrane entire length
      • Inhabits large intestine
    • Genus Trichomonas:
      • Has 3 distinct species:
        • T. hominis (non-pathogenic, inhabits large intestine)
        • T. tenax (commensal, inhabits oral cavity)
        • T. vaginalis (Urogenital pathogenic flagellate)

    Genital Flagellates

    • Trichomonas vaginalis:
      • Common sexually transmitted protozoon
      • Geographical distribution: Worldwide
      • Morphology of Trophozoite stage:
        • Average size: 7-23 μm × 5-15 μm
        • Pear-shaped
        • Single vesicular nucleus
        • Anteriorly and a small antero-lateral cytostome
        • Thin axostyle midway crossed by thick parabasal body
        • Lacks mitochondria
        • Four anterior free flagella and a lateral marginal flagellum with an undulating membrane
      • No cyst stage
    • Habitat:
      • In the vagina and urethra of infected females
      • In the urethra and prostate of infected males
    • Pathogenicity:
      • Mild vaginitis with discharge
      • Male patients: mild or asymptomatic infections
      • Itching and discomfort inside penile urethra, especially during urination
    • Symptoms:
      • In female:
        • Sloughing of squamous epithelial cells of vagina and urethra
        • Asymptomatic (50%): Profuse odorous discharge, burning, itching, frequency of urination, and dysuria
        • On examination: Excessive discharge, diffuse vulval erythema, and vaginal wall inflammation (Strawberry cervix)
    • Laboratory diagnosis:
      • Microscopic examination of wet film from discharge
      • Culture of discharge (modified Diamond's media)
      • Detection of T. vaginalis antigen in discharge by:
        • Enzyme immunoassay
        • Direct fluorescent antibody test
        • Detection of DNA of the parasite by Molecular techniques (PCR)
    • Treatment:
      • Metronidazole, 2 g oral single dose
      • Tinidazole, 2 g oral single dose

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    Microbiology Flagellates PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of microbiology and parasitology, specifically focusing on intestinal flagellates, including Giardia lamblia, its geographical distribution, and habitat. This quiz is perfect for students of microbiology and parasitology.

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