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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the process by which bacteria divide?
What is the name of the process by which bacteria divide?
Binary fission
What is the name of the process by which eukaryotic cells divide?
What is the name of the process by which eukaryotic cells divide?
Mitosis
What are the two main types of cells?
What are the two main types of cells?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Which of the following structures is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following stains is used to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
Which of the following stains is used to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria?
What is the name of the hardy bacterial survival structure that is formed by Bacillus and Clostridium species in response to harsh environments?
What is the name of the hardy bacterial survival structure that is formed by Bacillus and Clostridium species in response to harsh environments?
Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells.
Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells.
What are the two main types of metabolism?
What are the two main types of metabolism?
What is the name of the molecule that is used as the primary energy currency in cells?
What is the name of the molecule that is used as the primary energy currency in cells?
What is the name of the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate?
What is the name of the process by which glucose is broken down into pyruvate?
What is the name of the process by which pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA?
What is the name of the process by which pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
What is the name of the process by which organic molecules are produced from carbon dioxide and water using light energy?
What is the name of the process by which organic molecules are produced from carbon dioxide and water using light energy?
What is the name of the process by which organisms break down organic molecules to obtain energy?
What is the name of the process by which organisms break down organic molecules to obtain energy?
Which of the following is NOT a type of organism based on its source of energy and carbon?
Which of the following is NOT a type of organism based on its source of energy and carbon?
What is the name of the process by which microbes are identified using specific biochemical reactions?
What is the name of the process by which microbes are identified using specific biochemical reactions?
What are the four main types of microbes based on their temperature preferences?
What are the four main types of microbes based on their temperature preferences?
What is the name of the slimy, sticky material that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces and form biofilms?
What is the name of the slimy, sticky material that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces and form biofilms?
Microbes can be grown in both complex and chemically defined media.
Microbes can be grown in both complex and chemically defined media.
What are the two main methods for obtaining pure cultures of microbes?
What are the two main methods for obtaining pure cultures of microbes?
What is the term used to describe the growth of a microbial population where the number of cells doubles with each generation?
What is the term used to describe the growth of a microbial population where the number of cells doubles with each generation?
Which of the following methods can be used to control microbial growth?
Which of the following methods can be used to control microbial growth?
Endospores are more resistant to control measures than vegetative cells.
Endospores are more resistant to control measures than vegetative cells.
What are the two common methods for measuring microbial growth control?
What are the two common methods for measuring microbial growth control?
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
What is the name of the enzyme that is responsible for DNA replication?
What is the name of the enzyme that is responsible for DNA replication?
What is the name of the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA?
What is the name of the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA?
What is the name of the process by which RNA is translated into protein?
What is the name of the process by which RNA is translated into protein?
What is the name of the genetic element that is used by bacteria to control gene expression?
What is the name of the genetic element that is used by bacteria to control gene expression?
What is the name of the process by which a bacterium acquires new genetic information from another bacterium?
What is the name of the process by which a bacterium acquires new genetic information from another bacterium?
Which of the following is NOT a method of horizontal gene transfer?
Which of the following is NOT a method of horizontal gene transfer?
What is the term used to describe the use of microbes and genetic tools to generate products?
What is the term used to describe the use of microbes and genetic tools to generate products?
What is the name of the enzyme that is used to cut DNA at specific sites?
What is the name of the enzyme that is used to cut DNA at specific sites?
What is the name of the technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence?
What is the name of the technique used to amplify a specific DNA sequence?
What are the two main types of cells that are used in biotechnology?
What are the two main types of cells that are used in biotechnology?
Prokaryotic cells are often used in biotechnology because they are easy to grow and manipulate.
Prokaryotic cells are often used in biotechnology because they are easy to grow and manipulate.
Eukaryotic cells are often used in biotechnology because they can produce complex proteins that are correctly modified.
Eukaryotic cells are often used in biotechnology because they can produce complex proteins that are correctly modified.
What is the term used to describe the study of the entire genome of an organism?
What is the term used to describe the study of the entire genome of an organism?
Safety issues must be considered when using DNA technology, as undesired mutations and products can be generated.
Safety issues must be considered when using DNA technology, as undesired mutations and products can be generated.
What is the purpose of classification in microbiology?
What is the purpose of classification in microbiology?
What are some of the characteristics that are used to classify microbes?
What are some of the characteristics that are used to classify microbes?
What is the name of the system used to classify microbes by their evolutionary relationships?
What is the name of the system used to classify microbes by their evolutionary relationships?
What is the name of the type of key that is used to identify unknown microbes?
What is the name of the type of key that is used to identify unknown microbes?
Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships between organisms.
What is the name of the cell wall component of fungi?
What is the name of the cell wall component of fungi?
Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?
Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi?
What is the name of the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae that forms a lichen?
What is the name of the symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae that forms a lichen?
What are the two main types of helminths?
What are the two main types of helminths?
Viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that require a host cell to replicate.
Viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that require a host cell to replicate.
What are the two main types of viral replication cycles?
What are the two main types of viral replication cycles?
Prions are infectious proteins that cause diseases such as spongiform encephalopathies.
Prions are infectious proteins that cause diseases such as spongiform encephalopathies.
What is the name of the community of microbes that live in and on the human body?
What is the name of the community of microbes that live in and on the human body?
What is the term used to describe the occurrence of a disease at a relatively stable rate in a particular geographic area?
What is the term used to describe the occurrence of a disease at a relatively stable rate in a particular geographic area?
What is the term used to describe the occurrence of a disease in a larger number of people than expected in a particular area or population over a short period of time?
What is the term used to describe the occurrence of a disease in a larger number of people than expected in a particular area or population over a short period of time?
What is the term used to describe a disease that is widespread across multiple countries or continents?
What is the term used to describe a disease that is widespread across multiple countries or continents?
Nosocomial infections are acquired in a hospital setting.
Nosocomial infections are acquired in a hospital setting.
What are the two main branches of the immune system?
What are the two main branches of the immune system?
What is the process by which a phagocyte engulfs a microbe?
What is the process by which a phagocyte engulfs a microbe?
What is the term used to describe the body's response to injury or infection that is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain?
What is the term used to describe the body's response to injury or infection that is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain?
What is the name of the system of proteins that helps to lyse microbes and promote inflammation?
What is the name of the system of proteins that helps to lyse microbes and promote inflammation?
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies, while cellular immunity is mediated by T cells.
Humoral immunity is mediated by antibodies, while cellular immunity is mediated by T cells.
What are the molecules that the immune cells use to communicate with each other?
What are the molecules that the immune cells use to communicate with each other?
What are the molecules that are recognized by antibodies?
What are the molecules that are recognized by antibodies?
What is the name of the process by which antibodies bind to antigens and block their ability to infect cells?
What is the name of the process by which antibodies bind to antigens and block their ability to infect cells?
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally or artificially.
Adaptive immunity can be acquired naturally or artificially.
What is the term used to describe the process of introducing a weakened or killed pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response?
What is the term used to describe the process of introducing a weakened or killed pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response?
Hypersensitivities are abnormal immune responses that can cause damage to the body.
Hypersensitivities are abnormal immune responses that can cause damage to the body.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
Transplant rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system attacks the donor's tissues.
Transplant rejection occurs when the recipient's immune system attacks the donor's tissues.
What is the term used to describe a deficiency in the immune system?
What is the term used to describe a deficiency in the immune system?
Antimicrobial drugs are used to treat bacterial infections.
Antimicrobial drugs are used to treat bacterial infections.
Antimicrobial drugs can target a variety of cellular processes, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA replication.
Antimicrobial drugs can target a variety of cellular processes, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and DNA replication.
Some microbes can develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
Some microbes can develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs.
What are the two main methods for testing antimicrobial drug sensitivity?
What are the two main methods for testing antimicrobial drug sensitivity?
Flashcards
Microbiology definition
Microbiology definition
The study of microscopic organisms (microbes), including bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths.
Microbial Nomenclature
Microbial Nomenclature
Two-part naming system (genus and species) based on Latin.
Microscopic measurement unit
Microscopic measurement unit
Micrometers (µm) and nanometers (nm) are used to measure microbes.
Microscope types
Microscope types
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Microbial Staining
Microbial Staining
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
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Binary Fission
Binary Fission
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Gram Stain
Gram Stain
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Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan
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Plasma Membrane
Plasma Membrane
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Metabolism (catabolism/anabolism)
Metabolism (catabolism/anabolism)
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Enzymes
Enzymes
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Competitive vs Non-competitive inhibitors
Competitive vs Non-competitive inhibitors
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Glycolysis
Glycolysis
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Electron transport chain
Electron transport chain
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Cell Wall
Cell Wall
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Biofilms
Biofilms
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Pure Cultures
Pure Cultures
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Study Notes
BIOL2380 Microbiology Final Exam Study Guide
-
Chapter 1 (Introduction to Microbiology):
- Microbiology is the study of small organisms (microbes).
- Microbes include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, algae, fungi, and helminths.
- Microbial nomenclature uses Latin, with a genus and species epithet.
- Microbiology encompasses bacteriology, virology, parasitology, mycology, and immunology.
- Many microbial discoveries have contributed to other scientific fields.
- Microbes are often useful in production of goods.
-
Chapter 3 (Microscopy):
- Microbes are measured in micrometers (µm) and nanometers (nm).
- Light microscopes and electron microscopes are used in microbiology, with electron microscopes providing higher magnification and resolution.
- Staining techniques are used to increase microscope contrast, such as Gram stain, negative stain, capsule stain, endospore stain, acid-fast stain, and flagella stain.
-
Chapter 4 (Cell Biology):
- Eukaryotic cells contain multiple linear chromosomes, organelles, and histones.
- Prokaryotic cells lack these structures but contain a cell wall, pilus, fimbriae, and plasmids.
- Gram-negative cells have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane with LPS, while Gram-positive cells have a thicker peptidoglycan layer with teichoic acids.
- Plasma membrane separates the inside of a cell from the outside.
- Endospores are hard, survival structures formed by certain bacteria species (Bacillus and Clostridium).
- Eukaryotic cells have intricate organelles, including rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lysosomes.
- Endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells.
-
Chapter 5 (Metabolism):
- Metabolism includes catabolism and anabolism.
- Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.
- Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, whereas non-competitive inhibitors bind to an allosteric site.
- ATP production occurs through substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation.
- Glycolysis breaks down sugars into pyruvates, generating ATP and NADH.
- Krebs cycle converts acetyl-CoA into CO2, producing more ATP, NADH, and FADH2.
- Electron transport chain (ETC) uses electrons from NADH and FADH2 to generate ATP.
- Fermentation is an alternative energy production pathway.
-
Chapter 6 (Microbial Growth):
- Microbes require specific physical and chemical conditions for growth.
- Classification by temperature preferences (psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, extreme thermophiles).
- Biofilms are structured bacterial communities.
- Methods to grow pure cultures include streak plate methods and pour plate methods.
- Measurements of microbial growth can be direct (counting cells) or indirect (measuring cell activity).
-
Chapter 7 (Microbial Growth Control):
- Physical and chemical methods control microbial growth, such as heat and disinfectants and antiseptics.
- Some microbes are resistant to control methods because of endospores, capsules, or Gram-negative nature.
- Common tests to measure microbial growth control include disk diffusion and dilution tests.
-
Chapter 8 (Genetics):
- DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
- Operons regulate gene expression (inducible and repressible).
- Mutations can cause silent, missense, or nonsense mutations .
- Bacterial genetic exchange mechanisms (conjugation, transformation, and transduction).
-
Chapter 9 (Biotechnology):
- Uses of microbes and genetic tools.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA and ligase joins DNA.
- Site-directed mutagenesis creates specific mutations.
- PCR amplifies DNA.
- Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell characteristics impact product generation.
- Biotechnology produces drugs and vaccines.
- Safety considerations with DNA technology.
-
Chapter 10 (Classification):
- Organisms are grouped based on characteristics.
- Genetic techniques, FAMEs, hybridization, staining, and biochemical assays aid in classification and identification.
- Dichotomous keys and cladograms aid in identifying unknown microbes.
-
Chapter 11-15 (various):
- Various descriptions of organisms, their functions, their behavior, and their interactions in various systems.
-
Chapter 16 (Pathogenesis):
- Pathogens penetrate host defenses with enzymes, toxins, and nutrient acquisition.
- Endotoxins are Gram-negative toxins.
- Exotoxins are Gram-positive and Gram-negative derived proteins.
- Pathogens leave the host in various ways.
-
Chapter 17 (Immune System):
- Humoral immunity is based on antibody production.
- Cellular immunity involves T cells.
- Antigens elicit immune responses, characterized by cytokines and antibodies.
- Antibodies have various functions: opsonization, aggregation, ADCC, neutralization.
- Helper T cells activate other immune cells.
-
Chapter 18 (Adaptive Immunity):
- Vaccination-based development of memory cells for immunity.
- Development of various vaccines using live attenuated, killed inactivated, subunit, nucleic acid, or combined techniques.
-
Chapter 19 (Immunodeficiencies):
- Immune system hypersensitivities.
- Autoimmune diseases (caused by immune reactions against one's body).
- Organ transplants and rejection.
-
Chapter 20 (Antimicrobial Drugs):
- Antibiotics are naturally occurring antimicrobial drugs.
- Mechanisms of antimicrobial action.
- Examples of antimicrobial targets.
- Antibiotic resistance is becoming a more significant issue.
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Description
Prepare for the BIOL2380 Microbiology final exam with this comprehensive study guide. Covering essential topics like microbial classification, microscopy techniques, and cell biology, this guide will help consolidate your understanding of various microbes and their significance. Dive into useful staining techniques to enhance your microscopy skills.
