Microbiology Final Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What are the main steps involved in the process of transcription?

  • Transcription, Translation, Replication
  • Unwinding, Duplication, Elimination
  • Activation, Replication, Translation
  • Initiation, Elongation, Termination (correct)

Which of the following describes the lytic cycle of infection?

  • It results in the formation of prions
  • The infection persists for an indefinite period
  • The virus integrates its genome into the host cell
  • The host cell lyses to release new viral particles (correct)

What is the primary role of mutation in natural selection?

  • To enhance the reproductive success of all individuals
  • To eliminate harmful genes from the gene pool
  • To cause immediate extinction of certain species
  • To introduce genetic variability within a population (correct)

Which statement correctly contrasts latent infection with a chronic infection?

<p>Latent infections can reactivate later, while chronic infections persist over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes herd immunity?

<p>A situation where most of a population is immune to an infection, limiting its spread (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the classical complement activation pathway?

<p>It begins with the binding of antibodies to antigens, leading to a series of protein activations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of antibody is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

<p>IgE (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consequence of antibiotic use on microbial antagonism?

<p>May reduce normal microbiota, allowing opportunistic pathogens to thrive (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

<p>Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular, whereas prokaryotes are always unicellular. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies the phases of a bacterial growth curve?

<p>Stationary phase - no increase in cell number, Death phase - cell death exceeds division. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gram staining in microbiology?

<p>To differentiate bacteria based on the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the bacterium's ability to survive in anaerobic environments?

<p>Capacity for fermentation processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes selective media compared to differential media?

<p>Selective media promotes the growth of specific organisms while inhibiting others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of enzyme function, what distinguishes competitive inhibitors from noncompetitive inhibitors?

<p>Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive bind elsewhere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of using hydrogen peroxide on open wounds?

<p>It can damage skin cells and impede healing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about metabolic pathways is true?

<p>Metabolic pathways involve sequences of chemical reactions facilitated by enzymes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of mutation involves the replacement of one nucleotide with another?

<p>Substitutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

<p>Denaturation of DNA (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the lysogenic cycle compared to the lytic cycle?

<p>Incorporation of viral genome into host DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of infections, what is meant by 'opportunistic infection'?

<p>Infection that arises in a host with a compromised immune system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of C-reactive protein in inflammation?

<p>Promotes leukocyte migration to tissues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of antibody is primarily responsible for forming immune memory?

<p>IgG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows for the high variability of antibodies produced in response to an antigen?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental cause of microbial antagonism?

<p>Competition for nutrients and space (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component that distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Thickness of the peptidoglycan layer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscope type provides the highest resolution for observing cellular structures?

<p>Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the function of selective media in microbiology?

<p>It inhibits the growth of certain bacteria while allowing others to grow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

<p>It prevents the overproduction of certain substances by inhibiting enzyme activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Edward Jenner play in microbiology?

<p>He introduced vaccination using cowpox to prevent smallpox. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the stages of a bacterial growth curve?

<p>The death phase occurs when nutrients are exhausted, leading to a decline in cell numbers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?

<p>They are prokaryotic organisms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason that hydrogen peroxide is not an effective treatment for open wounds?

<p>It irritates the surrounding healthy tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All bacteria are classified as eukaryotes due to their complex cellular structure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrogen peroxide is widely recognized as an effective treatment for open wounds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram staining is used to differentiate bacteria based on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Krebs cycle produces ATP directly from glucose during cellular respiration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fungi can be classified only by their reproductive structures, ignoring other features.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Selective media allows for the growth of specific types of microorganisms while inhibiting others.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Archaea and bacteria have more similarities than differences in their cellular structures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Both protozoa and algae are classified as prokaryotes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of transcription consists of three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of a chronic infection is when a virus goes through a lytic cycle multiple times.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microbial antagonism refers to the ability of one microorganism to outcompete another for resources in a given environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Herd immunity increases the chances of disease spread in a population.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The steps of the lytic cycle include attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibodies are primarily involved in the process of inflammation in a non-specific immune response.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

C-reactive protein plays a significant role in the inflammatory response by promoting vasodilation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA sequences.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of peptidoglycan in distinguishing between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

<p>Peptidoglycan provides structural support and is thicker in gram-positive bacteria, making them retain the crystal violet stain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compare the characteristics of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

<p>Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for growth, while anaerobic bacteria grow in environments devoid of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do selective media and differential media differ in microbial culture?

<p>Selective media favor the growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting others, whereas differential media allow differentiation based on observable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe feedback inhibition and its role in metabolic pathways.

<p>Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step, preventing overproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributions did Louis Pasteur make towards disproving spontaneous generation?

<p>Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation and spoilage, using experiments that showed sterilized liquids remained uncontaminated without exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary shapes of bacteria, and how do these shapes influence their classification?

<p>Bacteria primarily exist as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral), which aid in their identification and classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the bacterial growth curve phases and what occurs during each phase.

<p>The phases are lag (adaptation and preparation for growth), log (active division), stationary (nutrient depletion and waste accumulation), and death (decline in cell numbers).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hydrogen peroxide as a disinfectant, and why is it not ideal for open wounds?

<p>Hydrogen peroxide acts as a disinfectant by producing reactive oxygen species, but it can also damage tissues and delay healing in open wounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does mutation play in driving the process of natural selection?

<p>Mutation introduces genetic variations that provide a basis for natural selection to favor advantageous traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Outline the three stages of inflammation.

<p>The three stages of inflammation are vascular response, cellular response, and tissue repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primary difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral propagation.

<p>The lytic cycle results in the immediate destruction of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome, allowing the virus to remain dormant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two ways a person can contract a prion disease.

<p>A person can contract a prion disease through consuming infected animal tissue or through medical procedures involving contaminated instruments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how genetic recombination was demonstrated in Griffith's experiment.

<p>Griffith's experiment showed that non-virulent bacteria could acquire virulence from heat-killed virulent bacteria, indicating genetic recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five stages of disease development?

<p>The five stages of disease are incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does microbial antagonism affect opportunistic infections?

<p>Microbial antagonism prevents opportunistic infections by limiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms through competition for resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is herd immunity and why is it important?

<p>Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, thereby reducing its spread and protecting those who are vulnerable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both.

Gram Staining

A technique used to differentiate bacteria based on the structure of their cell walls (thick/thin peptidoglycan layers).

Bacterial Shapes

Bacteria can be cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), or spiral (comma, spirilla, spirochetes).

Bacterial Growth Curve

A graph that shows the stages of bacterial population growth: lag phase (adaptation), log phase (exponential growth), stationary phase (growth = death), and death phase.

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Selective vs. Differential Media

Selective media allows growth of only certain bacteria, while differential media distinguishes between different types based on visible characteristics (e.g. color change).

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Competitive vs. Noncompetitive Inhibitors

Competitive inhibitors compete with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme, while noncompetitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme, changing its shape and reducing activity.

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Feedback Inhibition

A regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme earlier in the pathway, preventing overproduction.

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Two methods of Phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation are the two methods cells use to generate ATP.

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Transcription steps

Transcription has 3 main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

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Translation

Decoding mRNA into amino acid sequence to form a protein.

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Mutation's role in natural selection

Mutations create variations; some are advantageous, driving natural selection.

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PCR steps

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplifies DNA: denaturation, annealing, extension.

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Microbial antagonism

Good bacteria outcompeting bad bacteria for resources.

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Herd immunity

Protection of a population from disease when enough people are vaccinated.

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Lytic vs. Lysogenic cycles

Lytic: virus replicates and kills host cell; Lysogenic: virus integrates into host DNA.

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Antibody structure

Antibodies have variable and constant regions; different antibody classes.

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Aseptic Technique

A set of practices used to prevent contamination of cultures by unwanted microorganisms.

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Germ Theory of Disease

The theory that proposes that microorganisms are responsible for causing diseases.

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Genus

A taxonomic rank grouping closely related species.

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Species

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes have both.

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What are the 3 main shapes of bacteria?

Bacteria come in three main shapes: cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spiral (comma, spirilla, spirochetes).

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Inoculum

A small amount of microorganisms introduced into a culture medium to start a new culture.

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Mutation

A permanent change in the DNA sequence, which can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

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Recombination

The process where DNA from two sources is combined to create new genetic combinations.

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Transcription (3 main steps)

The process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA. It involves initiation, elongation, and termination.

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PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify (make many copies of) specific DNA segments.

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Natural selection

The process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, increasing the frequency of those traits in the population.

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Transcription

The process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, involving three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

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PCR

A technique used to amplify (make many copies of) specific DNA segments, involving three steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension.

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Lytic Cycle

A viral reproduction cycle that results in the lysis (bursting) of the host cell, releasing new viruses.

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Lysogenic Cycle

A viral reproduction cycle where the viral DNA is integrated into the host's genome, replicating with it without immediately causing cell lysis.

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What's the difference between bacteria and archaea?

Both are prokaryotic, but archaea have unique cell wall compositions and can thrive in extreme environments, while bacteria are more common.

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What are the 5 main features common to all bacteria?

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA

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What is the difference between selective and differential media?

Selective media allows only certain bacterial types to grow, while differential media distinguishes between different types based on appearance.

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What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?

Lag, Log, Stationary, Death

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Substrate-level vs. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Substrate-level: ATP is generated directly by enzymes using energy from a substrate. Oxidative: ATP is generated through a series of reactions in the electron transport chain using energy from electron carriers.

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What is the role of fermentation?

Provides an alternative pathway for generating ATP when oxygen is unavailable, using organic molecules as electron acceptors.

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Study Notes

Microbiology Final Exam Review

  • Chapter 1 (Ch1):

    • Definitions: microorganism, aseptic technique, germ theory of disease, genus, species
    • Describe key differences in the cell structure of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses
    • Evaluate the contributions of Jenner, Pasteur, Semmelweis, and Koch to disproving spontaneous generation

  • Chapter 4 (Ch4):

    • 5 main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
    • Identify 3 main bacterial shapes
    • List 5 structural features common to all bacteria
    • Gram staining concept in relation to peptidoglycan layers in bacterial cell walls

  • Chapter 6 (Ch6):

    • Definitions: inoculum, culture, generation time, aerobic, anaerobic, biofilm
    • Compare selective and differential media, relating them to enrichment cultures
    • Bacterial growth curve phases (lag, log, stationary, death) and the occurrence in each phase
    • Briefly explain bacterial growth phases and reasons for them

  • Chapter 7 (Ch7):

    • Definitions: sterilization, pasteurization, disk-diffusion test
    • Explain why hydrogen peroxide is not effective for treating open wounds
    • Contrast light microscopes with electron microscopes (TEM and SEM)

  • Chapter 5a (Ch5a):

    • Definitions: catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, metabolic pathway, enzyme, feedback inhibition, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors
    • Differentiate between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
    • Explain feedback inhibition processes
    • Summarize the 2 methods of phosphorylation

  • Chapter 5b (Ch5b):

    • Definitions: glycolysis, cellular respiration, fermentation, Kreb's cycle, electron transport chain
    • Describe the chemical reactions of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation concerning carbon atoms, ATP/GTP, and electron carriers
    • Compare ATP generation via respiration and fermentation
    • Explain the necessity of fermentation if glycolysis is part of the process creating ATP

  • Chapter 8 (Ch8):

    • Definitions: horizontal gene transfer, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, recombination
    • Summarize the processes of transcription and translation (including figure 8.9)
    • Describe 3 different kinds of mutation
    • Explain the evidence for recombination from Griffith's experiment

  • Chapter 9 (Ch9):

    • Definitions: PCR, natural selection, artificial selection
    • Explain how mutation drives natural selection
    • Outline the steps in PCR procedure

  • Chapter 13 (Ch13):

    • Definitions: lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, latent infection, chronic infection, prion
    • Contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles of infection and propagation
    • Differentiate between latent and persistent infections
    • Describe two ways to contract a prion disease

  • Chapter 14 (Ch14):

    • Definitions: microbial antagonism, opportunistic infection, herd immunity, epidemiology
    • Summarize microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) and its effect on antibiotics
    • Describe herd immunity and its effect on different populations (age, vaccination status, immune-compromised)
    • Identify and describe the 5 stages of disease
    • Explain the reason for disease occurrence changes in epidemiological graphs

  • Chapter 16 (Ch16):

    • Definitions: innate immunity, adaptive immunity, complement activation, classical pathway, MAC, cytokines, inflammation, vasodilation, phagocytosis, leukocytes
    • Summarize signs and symptoms of inflammation, its functions, and roles of C-reactive protein and TNF-a
    • Describe the 3 stages of inflammation
    • Describe high, moderate, low/no regenerative tissue repair
    • Describe classical complement activation pathway (starting with antibody-antigen binding and ending with transmembrane channel creation in bacterial membrane)

  • Chapter 17 (Ch17):

    • Definitions: antibodies, antigens, B cells, epitopes, light chain, heavy chain, variable region, constant region, MHC, class switching, plasma cells, memory cells, T-dependent and T-independent antigens, affinity, specificity
    • Summarize antibody regions and structures
    • Describe roles of IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE antibodies (including half-life, percentage of total antibody, and common features of each antibody).
    • Evaluate antibody production by fetus or young child to vaccination schedule
    • Compare and contrast T-dependent and T-independent antigens
    • Explain the immunological role of antibody in destroying foreign substances

  • Additional Topics:

    • Antibiotic resistance
    • Independent/dependent variables and control groups in experiments
    • Koch's postulates
    • Phagocytosis
    • 1918 flu pandemic causes

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Microbiology Final Exam Review Sheet PDF

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Prepare for your microbiology final exam with this comprehensive review quiz. Cover essential topics including cell structures, the contributions of key scientists, prokaryotic and eukaryotic differences, and bacterial growth phases. Test your knowledge and ensure you are ready for your exam.

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