Microbiology Final Exam Review
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Questions and Answers

What are the main steps involved in the process of transcription?

  • Transcription, Translation, Replication
  • Unwinding, Duplication, Elimination
  • Activation, Replication, Translation
  • Initiation, Elongation, Termination (correct)

    • Which of the following describes the lytic cycle of infection?

  • It results in the formation of prions
  • The infection persists for an indefinite period
  • The virus integrates its genome into the host cell
  • The host cell lyses to release new viral particles (correct)

    • What is the primary role of mutation in natural selection?

  • To enhance the reproductive success of all individuals
  • To eliminate harmful genes from the gene pool
  • To cause immediate extinction of certain species
  • To introduce genetic variability within a population (correct)

    • Which statement correctly contrasts latent infection with a chronic infection?

    <p>Latent infections can reactivate later, while chronic infections persist over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes herd immunity?

    <p>A situation where most of a population is immune to an infection, limiting its spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the classical complement activation pathway?

    <p>It begins with the binding of antibodies to antigens, leading to a series of protein activations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antibody is primarily involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important consequence of antibiotic use on microbial antagonism?

    <p>May reduce normal microbiota, allowing opportunistic pathogens to thrive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

    <p>Eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular, whereas prokaryotes are always unicellular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies the phases of a bacterial growth curve?

    <p>Stationary phase - no increase in cell number, Death phase - cell death exceeds division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of gram staining in microbiology?

    <p>To differentiate bacteria based on the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor contributes to the bacterium's ability to survive in anaerobic environments?

    <p>Capacity for fermentation processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes selective media compared to differential media?

    <p>Selective media promotes the growth of specific organisms while inhibiting others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of enzyme function, what distinguishes competitive inhibitors from noncompetitive inhibitors?

    <p>Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while noncompetitive bind elsewhere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of using hydrogen peroxide on open wounds?

    <p>It can damage skin cells and impede healing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about metabolic pathways is true?

    <p>Metabolic pathways involve sequences of chemical reactions facilitated by enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of mutation involves the replacement of one nucleotide with another?

    <p>Substitutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

    <p>Denaturation of DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the lysogenic cycle compared to the lytic cycle?

    <p>Incorporation of viral genome into host DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of infections, what is meant by 'opportunistic infection'?

    <p>Infection that arises in a host with a compromised immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of C-reactive protein in inflammation?

    <p>Promotes leukocyte migration to tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which class of antibody is primarily responsible for forming immune memory?

    <p>IgG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process allows for the high variability of antibodies produced in response to an antigen?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental cause of microbial antagonism?

    <p>Competition for nutrients and space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component that distinguishes gram-positive bacteria from gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Thickness of the peptidoglycan layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscope type provides the highest resolution for observing cellular structures?

    <p>Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the function of selective media in microbiology?

    <p>It inhibits the growth of certain bacteria while allowing others to grow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways?

    <p>It prevents the overproduction of certain substances by inhibiting enzyme activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Edward Jenner play in microbiology?

    <p>He introduced vaccination using cowpox to prevent smallpox.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the stages of a bacterial growth curve?

    <p>The death phase occurs when nutrients are exhausted, leading to a decline in cell numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fungi?

    <p>They are prokaryotic organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason that hydrogen peroxide is not an effective treatment for open wounds?

    <p>It irritates the surrounding healthy tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All bacteria are classified as eukaryotes due to their complex cellular structure.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen peroxide is widely recognized as an effective treatment for open wounds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gram staining is used to differentiate bacteria based on the amount of peptidoglycan in their cell wall.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Krebs cycle produces ATP directly from glucose during cellular respiration.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fungi can be classified only by their reproductive structures, ignoring other features.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Selective media allows for the growth of specific types of microorganisms while inhibiting others.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Archaea and bacteria have more similarities than differences in their cellular structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both protozoa and algae are classified as prokaryotes.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of transcription consists of three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a chronic infection is when a virus goes through a lytic cycle multiple times.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial antagonism refers to the ability of one microorganism to outcompete another for resources in a given environment.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herd immunity increases the chances of disease spread in a population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The steps of the lytic cycle include attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibodies are primarily involved in the process of inflammation in a non-specific immune response.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C-reactive protein plays a significant role in the inflammatory response by promoting vasodilation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA sequences.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of peptidoglycan in distinguishing between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

    <p>Peptidoglycan provides structural support and is thicker in gram-positive bacteria, making them retain the crystal violet stain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compare the characteristics of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

    <p>Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for growth, while anaerobic bacteria grow in environments devoid of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do selective media and differential media differ in microbial culture?

    <p>Selective media favor the growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting others, whereas differential media allow differentiation based on observable traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe feedback inhibition and its role in metabolic pathways.

    <p>Feedback inhibition is a regulatory mechanism where the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step, preventing overproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributions did Louis Pasteur make towards disproving spontaneous generation?

    <p>Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are responsible for fermentation and spoilage, using experiments that showed sterilized liquids remained uncontaminated without exposure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary shapes of bacteria, and how do these shapes influence their classification?

    <p>Bacteria primarily exist as cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirilla (spiral), which aid in their identification and classification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the bacterial growth curve phases and what occurs during each phase.

    <p>The phases are lag (adaptation and preparation for growth), log (active division), stationary (nutrient depletion and waste accumulation), and death (decline in cell numbers).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrogen peroxide as a disinfectant, and why is it not ideal for open wounds?

    <p>Hydrogen peroxide acts as a disinfectant by producing reactive oxygen species, but it can also damage tissues and delay healing in open wounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does mutation play in driving the process of natural selection?

    <p>Mutation introduces genetic variations that provide a basis for natural selection to favor advantageous traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Outline the three stages of inflammation.

    <p>The three stages of inflammation are vascular response, cellular response, and tissue repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the primary difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycles of viral propagation.

    <p>The lytic cycle results in the immediate destruction of the host cell, while the lysogenic cycle integrates viral DNA into the host genome, allowing the virus to remain dormant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two ways a person can contract a prion disease.

    <p>A person can contract a prion disease through consuming infected animal tissue or through medical procedures involving contaminated instruments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe how genetic recombination was demonstrated in Griffith's experiment.

    <p>Griffith's experiment showed that non-virulent bacteria could acquire virulence from heat-killed virulent bacteria, indicating genetic recombination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five stages of disease development?

    <p>The five stages of disease are incubation, prodromal, illness, decline, and convalescence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does microbial antagonism affect opportunistic infections?

    <p>Microbial antagonism prevents opportunistic infections by limiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms through competition for resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is herd immunity and why is it important?

    <p>Herd immunity occurs when a significant portion of a population becomes immune to a disease, thereby reducing its spread and protecting those who are vulnerable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbiology Final Exam Review

    • Chapter 1 (Ch1):

      • Definitions: microorganism, aseptic technique, germ theory of disease, genus, species
      • Describe key differences in the cell structure of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses
      • Evaluate the contributions of Jenner, Pasteur, Semmelweis, and Koch to disproving spontaneous generation

    • Chapter 4 (Ch4):

      • 5 main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
      • Identify 3 main bacterial shapes
      • List 5 structural features common to all bacteria
      • Gram staining concept in relation to peptidoglycan layers in bacterial cell walls

    • Chapter 6 (Ch6):

      • Definitions: inoculum, culture, generation time, aerobic, anaerobic, biofilm
      • Compare selective and differential media, relating them to enrichment cultures
      • Bacterial growth curve phases (lag, log, stationary, death) and the occurrence in each phase
      • Briefly explain bacterial growth phases and reasons for them

    • Chapter 7 (Ch7):

      • Definitions: sterilization, pasteurization, disk-diffusion test
      • Explain why hydrogen peroxide is not effective for treating open wounds
      • Contrast light microscopes with electron microscopes (TEM and SEM)

    • Chapter 5a (Ch5a):

      • Definitions: catabolism, anabolism, metabolism, metabolic pathway, enzyme, feedback inhibition, substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, inhibitors
      • Differentiate between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
      • Explain feedback inhibition processes
      • Summarize the 2 methods of phosphorylation

    • Chapter 5b (Ch5b):

      • Definitions: glycolysis, cellular respiration, fermentation, Kreb's cycle, electron transport chain
      • Describe the chemical reactions of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation concerning carbon atoms, ATP/GTP, and electron carriers
      • Compare ATP generation via respiration and fermentation
      • Explain the necessity of fermentation if glycolysis is part of the process creating ATP

    • Chapter 8 (Ch8):

      • Definitions: horizontal gene transfer, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frameshift mutation, recombination
      • Summarize the processes of transcription and translation (including figure 8.9)
      • Describe 3 different kinds of mutation
      • Explain the evidence for recombination from Griffith's experiment

    • Chapter 9 (Ch9):

      • Definitions: PCR, natural selection, artificial selection
      • Explain how mutation drives natural selection
      • Outline the steps in PCR procedure

    • Chapter 13 (Ch13):

      • Definitions: lytic cycle, lysogenic cycle, latent infection, chronic infection, prion
      • Contrast the lytic and lysogenic cycles of infection and propagation
      • Differentiate between latent and persistent infections
      • Describe two ways to contract a prion disease

    • Chapter 14 (Ch14):

      • Definitions: microbial antagonism, opportunistic infection, herd immunity, epidemiology
      • Summarize microbial antagonism (competitive exclusion) and its effect on antibiotics
      • Describe herd immunity and its effect on different populations (age, vaccination status, immune-compromised)
      • Identify and describe the 5 stages of disease
      • Explain the reason for disease occurrence changes in epidemiological graphs

    • Chapter 16 (Ch16):

      • Definitions: innate immunity, adaptive immunity, complement activation, classical pathway, MAC, cytokines, inflammation, vasodilation, phagocytosis, leukocytes
      • Summarize signs and symptoms of inflammation, its functions, and roles of C-reactive protein and TNF-a
      • Describe the 3 stages of inflammation
      • Describe high, moderate, low/no regenerative tissue repair
      • Describe classical complement activation pathway (starting with antibody-antigen binding and ending with transmembrane channel creation in bacterial membrane)

    • Chapter 17 (Ch17):

      • Definitions: antibodies, antigens, B cells, epitopes, light chain, heavy chain, variable region, constant region, MHC, class switching, plasma cells, memory cells, T-dependent and T-independent antigens, affinity, specificity
      • Summarize antibody regions and structures
      • Describe roles of IgA, IgM, IgG, IgD, and IgE antibodies (including half-life, percentage of total antibody, and common features of each antibody).
      • Evaluate antibody production by fetus or young child to vaccination schedule
      • Compare and contrast T-dependent and T-independent antigens
      • Explain the immunological role of antibody in destroying foreign substances

    • Additional Topics:

      • Antibiotic resistance
      • Independent/dependent variables and control groups in experiments
      • Koch's postulates
      • Phagocytosis
      • 1918 flu pandemic causes

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