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Questions and Answers
Which classification of microorganisms is emphasized in terms of structure and function?
Which classification of microorganisms is emphasized in terms of structure and function?
What does a positive presumptive test indicate in coliform testing?
What does a positive presumptive test indicate in coliform testing?
Which stage of coliform testing confirms the presence of coliforms?
Which stage of coliform testing confirms the presence of coliforms?
Which factor is crucial for ensuring detectable growth in coliform testing?
Which factor is crucial for ensuring detectable growth in coliform testing?
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What is a disadvantage of using lauryl tryptose broth in coliform testing?
What is a disadvantage of using lauryl tryptose broth in coliform testing?
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What potential issue arises when chlorinated water is tested using the brilliant green bile broth?
What potential issue arises when chlorinated water is tested using the brilliant green bile broth?
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What happens to most bacterial cells in a hypertonic solution?
What happens to most bacterial cells in a hypertonic solution?
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Which of the following accurately describes the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall?
Which of the following accurately describes the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall?
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What is the function of porin proteins in bacterial cell membranes?
What is the function of porin proteins in bacterial cell membranes?
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What is the primary component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall?
What is the primary component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall?
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Which statement is true about Archaea cell walls?
Which statement is true about Archaea cell walls?
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What component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acts as an endotoxin?
What component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) acts as an endotoxin?
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In bacteria, what is the role of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)?
In bacteria, what is the role of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)?
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Which characteristic is not typical of Gram-negative bacteria?
Which characteristic is not typical of Gram-negative bacteria?
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What type of cells typically lack a true nucleus?
What type of cells typically lack a true nucleus?
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Which of the following organelles is absent in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following organelles is absent in prokaryotic cells?
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What structure provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells?
What structure provides strength and structural integrity to plant cells?
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Which type of reproduction does not involve meiosis?
Which type of reproduction does not involve meiosis?
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What is the size range for prokaryotic cells?
What is the size range for prokaryotic cells?
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In which type of cell would you find ribosomes that are 70S in size?
In which type of cell would you find ribosomes that are 70S in size?
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Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?
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What type of chromosome arrangement do eukaryotic cells have?
What type of chromosome arrangement do eukaryotic cells have?
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Which component is typically present in the cell wall of prokaryotic cells?
Which component is typically present in the cell wall of prokaryotic cells?
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How do prokaryotic cells generally divide?
How do prokaryotic cells generally divide?
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What occurs when the net movement of water molecules is equal in both directions across a semipermeable membrane?
What occurs when the net movement of water molecules is equal in both directions across a semipermeable membrane?
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Which type of cells usually exhibit multicellularity?
Which type of cells usually exhibit multicellularity?
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Which type of diffusion requires the presence of a carrier protein?
Which type of diffusion requires the presence of a carrier protein?
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What distinguishes the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells from that in prokaryotic cells?
What distinguishes the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells from that in prokaryotic cells?
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What is the primary characteristic of impermeable substances in terms of cellular transport?
What is the primary characteristic of impermeable substances in terms of cellular transport?
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What characteristic of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells sets them apart from prokaryotic cells?
What characteristic of ribosomes in eukaryotic cells sets them apart from prokaryotic cells?
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During which process do substances move from an area of low concentration to high concentration?
During which process do substances move from an area of low concentration to high concentration?
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What happens in a hypotonic solution relative to the cell's internal environment?
What happens in a hypotonic solution relative to the cell's internal environment?
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Which statement accurately describes osmosis?
Which statement accurately describes osmosis?
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What type of solution causes water to leave the cell at a higher rate than it enters?
What type of solution causes water to leave the cell at a higher rate than it enters?
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What is a key feature of group translocation compared to active transport?
What is a key feature of group translocation compared to active transport?
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What defines a permeable substance in cellular transport?
What defines a permeable substance in cellular transport?
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What major components of the cell membrane facilitate the entry of non-polar organic molecules?
What major components of the cell membrane facilitate the entry of non-polar organic molecules?
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What primarily occurs during the lag phase of bacterial growth?
What primarily occurs during the lag phase of bacterial growth?
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Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by balanced and coordinated growth?
Which phase of the bacterial growth curve is characterized by balanced and coordinated growth?
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What can limit population growth during the stationary phase?
What can limit population growth during the stationary phase?
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Which factors can influence the length of the lag phase in bacterial growth?
Which factors can influence the length of the lag phase in bacterial growth?
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What is the method used to measure the number of viable bacteria in a culture?
What is the method used to measure the number of viable bacteria in a culture?
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Which statement about the log phase is inaccurate?
Which statement about the log phase is inaccurate?
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During which phase do bacteria produce secondary metabolites?
During which phase do bacteria produce secondary metabolites?
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How is the mean growth rate constant (k) determined?
How is the mean growth rate constant (k) determined?
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What is a common condition that leads to the death phase in bacterial growth?
What is a common condition that leads to the death phase in bacterial growth?
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Which of the following is not a factor affecting the exponential growth of bacteria?
Which of the following is not a factor affecting the exponential growth of bacteria?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Fundamental Microbiology
- Course Code: SIR1001
- Instructors: Dr. Bong Chui Wei, Dr. Lee Choon Weng, Dr. Muhamad Afiq Bin Aziz
Course Synopsis
- Introduction to microbiology concepts & basic techniques
- Microbial evolution, structure, function, and dissemination
- Control and identification of microorganisms
- Exposure to aseptic laboratory techniques for transfer, isolation, and staining of microorganisms
Course Outcomes
- Distinguish various types of microorganisms
- Understand core concepts of microbiology (evolution, diversity, cell structure, function, growth, metabolism)
- Demonstrate basic practical microbiology skills
Lecture Schedule (Wednesday 10-11:50 am)
- Week 1: Foundation of Microbiology (microscope, smear preparation, simple staining)
- Week 2: Microbial evolution, characteristics of prokaryotes & eukaryotes, prokaryotic structure & function
- Week 3: Microbial transport systems & microbial systems biology
- Week 4: Microbial Growth & reproduction (nutrition & culture)
- Week 5: Control of microbial growth (basic techniques)
- Week 6: Techniques for Transfer, Isolation, Culture & Storage of Microorganisms
- Week 7: Differential Staining (endospore, capsule, flagella staining)
- Week 8: Enumeration of Microorganisms
- Week 9: Biochemical tests for bacterial identification
- Week 10: Overview of the Immune System I (innate & adaptive immunity)
- Week 11: History of Virology (basic characteristics of viruses/Comparison of virus & eukaryotes)
- Week 12: Diversity and classification of viruses (lytic cycle/lysogenic cycle)
- Week 13: Microbe-Human Interaction (presentation & discussion)
- Week 14: Practical (specific laboratory methods)
Practical Schedule (Wednesday 2-5 pm, M1 & M2)
- Week 1: Introduction to microscope, smear preparation, simple staining
- Week 2: Gram staining
- Week 3 - 4: Spread plate & Pour plate techniques, transfer techniques, dilution streaking
- Week 5: Membrane filtration technique, Most Probable Number (MPN)
- Week 6-7: Reviews of YouTube videos (CFU guidelines, MPN, MFT)
- Week 8-11: Endospore, Capsule & Flagella Staining
- Week 12: Bacterial and fungal isolation & microbial control
- Week 13: Bacterial chemical tests & bacterial identification
- Week 14: Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test
- Theoretical Test
Evaluation Structure
- 50% Final Examination
- 10% Test (calculation)
- 10% Test (theoretical)
- 5% Lab Report
- 25% Dr. Afiq's Part (details unspecified)
- Test dates unspecified
- Lab report submission date unspecified
Reference Materials
- Talaro, K.P. Foundations in Microbiology: Basic Principles, 10th ed, 2018, McGraw-Hill.
- Johnson, T.R. & Case, C.L. Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology, 12th ed, Pearson Education.
- Madigan M.T., Martinko J.M., Bender K.S., Buckley D.H., Stahl D.A. & Brock T. Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 15th ed, 2019, Benjamin Cummings.
Where to find lecture notes?
- http://spectrum.um.edu.my/
Class Agreement
- Punctual attendance and QR code scanning for all classes/online classes.
- Mute oneself during online classes
- 80% minimum attendance to sit for final exam
- Provide medical certificate for illness-related absences
Contact Information (for Dr. Lee Choon Weng)
- Room 2.1.4, Block C, Bangunan Genetik dan Mikrobiologi
- Email : [email protected]
- Ext : 5841
Microbiology Overview
- Definition: The study of living organisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye
- Importance & Functions: nutrient & energy flow, production of foods, drugs, vaccines, decomposition, bioremediation, infectious disease, and pathogens
- Key types of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae
Microbiology Disciplines
- Diverse disciplines spanning various aspects of microbes, including genetics, physiology, characteristics, interactions, and uses for different applications like environmental microbiology, bacteriology, protozoology, mycology, virology, parasitology, immunology, & molecular biology
Main Themes in Microbiology Research
- Basic/Pure: Exploratory & conduct for better understanding of fundamental life processes & microbial ecology
- Applied: Apply existing knowledge of microorganisms to develop more practical applications (food, pharmaceutical, genetic engineering, etc.)
Origins of Microorganisms
- First bacteria-like cells existed for at least 3.5 billion years
- Characteristics of ancient cells: small, simple, lacking specialized internal structures for cell functions
- Prokaryotes (before the nucleus): simple cell, lacked a nucleus & other organelles
- Eukaryotes (true nucleus): complex cells, possess a nucleus & other organelles in more modern organisms
The Origin & Evolution of Microorganisms (Phylogeny)
- Relationships between all organisms on Earth and the evolutionary history of organisms from ancestral forms to more derived forms
- Phylogenetic knowledge about ancestor-and-descendant relationship, their similarities & differences
Evolutionary Model of Phylogeny
- Based on differences in nucleotide sequences of rRNA (ribosomal RNA), cell membrane lipid structure & their sensitivity to antibiotics
Common Characteristics of Cells (Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic)
- Cell shape (cubical, spherical, cylindrical)
- Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
- Cytoplasmic membrane (selective permeability)
- Cytoplasm (aqueous mixture of macromolecules)
- Cell wall (structural strength)
- Chromosomes (DNA)
- Cell division (binary fission, mitosis)
- Presence of organelles (only in eukaryotic cells)
- Cell size variation (prokaryotic: 0.2-2.0 µm;eukaryotic: 10-100 µm)
Cell Size & Volume
- Cells of Bacteria & Archaea vary in size (0.2 µm - >700 µm)
- Small cells have a larger ratio of surface area to volume
- Prokaryotic cells tend to grow faster & evolve more rapidly than eukaryotic cells
Cell Membranes
- Cytoplasmic membrane (lies inside cell wall)
- Structure: phospholipid bilayer
- Functions: Physical barrier, transport (passive & active), energy conservation
Passive Processes Across Membranes (Passive Transport)
- Simple Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion (with carrier proteins)
- Osmosis (movement of water)
Active Processes Across Membranes (Active Transport)
- Active Transport (protein pumps in plasma membrane required to move substances from low to high concentration
- Group Translocation (substance is chemically altered during process)
Cell Wall
- A semi-ridged structure outside the cell membrane in almost all bacteria
- Negative (thin, wavy outer membrane, LPS, peptidoglycan), positive (thick, smooth outer membrane/no outer membrane, peptidoglycan)
Gram Stain Mechanism
- Differential staining technique based on differences in cell wall structure (gram positive vs gram negative)
- Reaction to crystal violet, iodine & alcohol
Atypical Cell Walls
- Mycoplasmas (lack cell walls)
- Archaebacteria (lack peptidoglycan)
Cytoplasm
- Substance inside plasma membrane
- Contains water, enzymes, proteins, carbohydrates, etc
- Site of metabolic activities
Cytoplasmic Structures
- Ribosomes, Inclusions (storage granules), Chromosomes, Plasmids
Flagella
- Structures for motility in various bacteria (polar, lophotrichous, amphitrichous, peritrichous)
- Comprised of filament, hook, and basal body.
Fimbriae & Pili
- Short filamentous structures for attachment
- Similar in structure to flagella but shorter, typically used for attachment rather than movement
- Pili used in conjugation (genetic exchange)
Eukaryotic Flagella and Cilia
- Projections for cell movement & substances transportation
- Microtubules (9+2 array) structure
- Plasma membrane enclosure
Capsules & Slime Layers
- Polysaccharide or protein layers outside the cell wall
- Function in attachment and protection against phagocytosis
Bacterial Growth
- Growth is defined as an increase in the number of cells
- Various means of reproduction (binary fission, budding, etc.)
- Phases of bacterial growth curve (lag, log, stationary, death)
Generation Time
- Time required for a cell to double
- Exponential growth (population doubles at regular intervals)
Plate Counts
- Method for measuring viable bacterial cells
- Spread preparation
- Pour-plate preparation
- Measuring viable bacteria via colony-forming units (CFU)
Direct Microscopic Count
- Counting cells in a known volume using microscopy
- Used for viable, dead, or total microbes
Microbial Growth Requirements: Physical
- Temperature (psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, mesophiles, thermophiles, hyperthermophiles)
- pH (acidophiles, alkaliphiles)
- Osmotic pressure (halophiles, facultative halophiles)
Microbial Growth Requirements: Chemical
- Sources of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, etc
- Trace elements, vitamins, and other essential nutrients
Methods for Measurement of Cell Mass
- Direct physical measurement (dry weight, wet weight)
- Direct chemical measurements (total protein, total DNA content, etc.)
Preservation/Maintenance Methods for Microbial Cultures
- Periodic transfer
- Refrigeration
- Lyophilization (freeze-drying)
- Cryopreservation
Sterilization & Disinfection
- Methods of killing/inactivating microbes (heat, radiation, chemical agents)
- Various types of sterilization & disinfection procedures (steam, boiling water, autoclaving, dry heat, filtration, gases, chemicals)
Mode of action of Antimicrobial Agents
- Disruption of cell walls, cell membranes, protein & nucleic acid
- Denaturing proteins, coagulating protein, or disruption of the cell membrane
Special Culture Techniques
- Sterilization procedures for various materials
- Anaerobic jars for cultivating anaerobic microbes
- Candle light jars for cultivating microaerophiles
- Filtration methods
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Description
Test your knowledge of the key concepts covered in the SIR1001 microbiology course. This quiz explores various topics, including microbial classification, growth techniques, and testing methods for coliforms. Assess your understanding of the course material and prepare for your evaluations.
