Microbiology Chapter 9 Review
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Questions and Answers

Which type of bacterial growth occurs after the lag phase in a growth curve?

  • Death phase
  • Lag phase
  • Log phase (correct)
  • Stationary phase

    • What is the primary purpose of quorum sensing in biofilm formation?

  • To resist environmental stresses
  • To produce energy more efficiently
  • To coordinate behavior among bacterial cells (correct)
  • To enhance nutrient absorption

    • Which statement best describes the difference between sterilization and disinfection?

  • Sterilization can be achieved through chemical means only, while disinfection can be physical or chemical.
  • Disinfection works only on inanimate objects, while sterilization applies to living tissues.
  • Disinfection kills all microbes, while sterilization only reduces their numbers.
  • Sterilization eliminates all forms of microbial life, whereas disinfection reduces harmful microbes. (correct)

    • How do facultative anaerobes differ from obligate aerobes in terms of oxygen requirements?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes can utilize oxygen but do not require it, while obligate aerobes need oxygen to survive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a chemostat in microbial growth studies?

    <p>To maintain a consistent growth environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one limitation of using the viable cell count method like CFU counting?

    <p>It cannot distinguish between live and dead cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the DRT (Decimal Reduction Time) play in assessing microbial control methods?

    <p>It determines the time required to kill 90% of the microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is classified as an ionizing radiation technique for microbial control?

    <p>Gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a broad-spectrum antibiotic compared to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic?

    <p>Broad-spectrum antibiotics target a wider variety of bacteria, while narrow-spectrum antibiotics target specific types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physical method of microbial control?

    <p>Heat sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the steps involved in biofilm formation?

    <p>Adhesion, EPS production, maturation, and detachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of using the disk diffusion method for disinfectant testing?

    <p>It cannot determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics is typical of thermophiles?

    <p>They favor growth at temperatures ranging from 45°C to 80°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinction between antisepsis and degerming?

    <p>Antisepsis is the reduction of microbial load on living tissue; degerming refers to the physical removal of microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is common for testing the effectiveness of chemical preservatives?

    <p>Use-dilution test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would an obligate anaerobe be most likely to thrive?

    <p>In a gut devoid of oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes halotolerant organisms from halophiles?

    <p>Halophiles require high salt concentrations for growth, while halotolerant can grow in varying conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the role of EPS in biofilms?

    <p>EPS provides structural integrity and protection to the bacterial community.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process utilizes both physical and chemical agents to reduce microbial populations on critical items?

    <p>Sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of selective toxicity in antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>It ensures the drug is effective without harming the host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is used to measure microbial growth utilizing a cell counter?

    <p>Coulter counter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of microorganism is characterized by its ability to grow optimally at a pH below 5.5?

    <p>Acidophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a chemical method of microbial control that alters DNA structure?

    <p>Alkylating agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a microbial growth curve, which phase is characterized by the highest rate of cell division?

    <p>Log phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms can survive in high salinity environments?

    <p>Halophiles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a chemostat in bacterial culture?

    <p>Reproducible and controlled growth conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is classified as a physical control method against microbial growth?

    <p>Radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the concept of selective toxicity in antimicrobial drugs?

    <p>Targeting specific structures or functions in pathogens without harming the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What test determines the effectiveness of disinfectants based on the number of microorganisms killed?

    <p>Use-dilution test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about biofilms is true?

    <p>EPS is a crucial component for biofilm structural integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 9 Review

    • Binary Fission: Steps and Z ring assembly are key aspects
    • Generation Time: Calculating population time (generally, a calculator isn't needed) is important
    • Growth Curve: Lag, Log, Stationary, and Death phases are significant; understanding sustainable growth and chemostats is essential. Learn proper measurement techniques (microscopic, fluorescent, Coulter, viable, O.D., membrane filtration, MPN).
    • Growth Measurement: Methods include CFU counting (pour plate vs. spread plate), and count ranges for viable counts
    • Alternate Growth Patterns: Different growth patterns (biofilms with EPS formation, quorum sensing) exist and affect human health.
    • Media for Bacterial Growth: Selective and differential media will be essential to understand along with other types of media.
    • Environmental Factors: Factors influencing generation time include oxygen (types of aerobes and anaerobes), FTM, aerotolerance, pH (neutrophiles, acidophiles), temperature (mesophiles, psychrophiles, thermophiles), osmotic pressure (halophiles, halotolerance), barometric pressure, and light.

    Chapter 13 Review

    • Sterilization vs. Disinfection vs. Antisepsis vs. Degerming vs. Sanitation: Distinguish the meanings and methods.
    • BSL Levels (1-4): Understand requirements and examples for each level
    • Clean in Clinic: Critical, semicritical, and noncritical items are categorized by how they're cleaned
    • -Cidal vs. -Static: Understand the difference in action
    • Microbial Death Curve and DRT: Understand the concepts.
    • Physical Means of Control: Heat (dry vs. moist, autoclave, pasteurization), refrigeration/freezing, pressure (lyophilization, water activity), radiation (ionizing vs. nonionizing), filtration (membrane, HEPA), and sonication are methods to control microbial growth, and their limitations and how they work.
    • Chemical Means of Control: Phenolics, heavy metals, halogens, alcohols, surfactants, bisbiguanides, alkylating agents, peroxygens, and supercritical fluids are types of chemical agents used to control microbial growth. Know how they work, limitations, examples and specific uses.
    • Disinfectant/Preservative Testing: Phenol coefficient, disk diffusion, use-dilution, and in-use tests are used to evaluate these agents.

    Chapter 14 Review

    • Brief History of Antimicrobials: Key figures like Ehrlich, Klarer, Mietzch, Domagk, Fleming, Hodgkin, and Waksman were important in developing antimicrobials
    • Narrow vs. Broad Spectrum: Understand the difference between narrow-spectrum and broad-spectrum antimicrobials, and their usefulness.
    • Dosing and Interactions: How drug dosages impact results and any interactions between drugs.
    • Selective Toxicity: Focus on the ability of drugs to target bacteria without harming the host.
    • Studying Antimicrobial Drugs: Classify drugs by drug class, understand Mechanism of Action (MOA), target pathogens, common uses, challenges, and adverse side effects. Know all antimicrobials, pathways, and actions from the slides.
    • Antibiotic Resistance: Understand its acquisition mechanisms, special resistance, and MDRs. Know organisms such as ESKAPE pathogens (VRE, VRSA, VISA, MRSA, ESBLs, CRE, MDR-TB, XDR-TB) Understand resistance testing.
    • Testing for Efficacy: Kirby-Bauer, dilution tests (MIC, MBC, Etest), are essential methods for evaluating antimicrobials.

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts from Microbiology Chapter 9, focusing on bacterial growth processes such as binary fission, generation time, and the growth curve phases. It also explores nutrient media, environmental factors, and alternate growth patterns that impact human health. Understanding these key elements is crucial for comprehending microbial behavior and laboratory practices.

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