Microbiology Chapter 9 and 13 Review

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Questions and Answers

What is the indicating factor of a lag phase in the growth curve of bacteria?

No increase in cell numbers (correct)

Rapid division of cells

Stable population levels

Cell death exceeds division

Which physiological property distinguishes facultative anaerobes from obligate anaerobes?

Growth only in high pH environments

Ability to grow in the absence of oxygen

Ability to utilize oxygen for respiration (correct)

Preference for high osmotic pressure

What characterizes the method of autoclaving in microbial control?

Refrigeration at low temperatures

Use of chemical agents to disinfect

Application of high heat and pressure (correct)

Exposure to UV radiation

Which of the following statements is true regarding chemical means of control?

Alcohols function best in the presence of water. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of using selective toxicity in antimicrobial drugs?

It targets specific microbial processes without harming host cells. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of biofilm formation, what role do extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) play?

They provide structural protection and nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial growth media is designed to differentiate species based on their metabolic capabilities?

Differential media Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is known for the discovery of penicillin?

Fleming Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a chemostat in microbial growth?

To maintain stable growth conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the term 'generation time' in microbiology?

The time taken for bacterial replication Signup and view all the answers

What environmental factor would most likely influence the growth of halophiles?

Osmotic pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is used to measure the viability of a microbial population?

Membrane filtration Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the concept of selective toxicity in antimicrobial drugs?

It preferentially affects bacterial cells over human cells Signup and view all the answers

In terms of bacterial media, what is the role of differential media?

To differentiate bacterial species based on observable characteristics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a physical method of controlling microbial growth?

Lyophilization Signup and view all the answers

Which method best describes the action of antibiotics derived from fungi, such as penicillin?

Inhibiting cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 9 Review

Bacterial Growth: Binary fission steps, Z ring assembly, Generation Time, calculating population time (general, don't need a calculator).
Growth Curve: Lag phase, Log phase, Stationary phase, Death phase. Sustainable growth and chemostats.
Growth Measurement: Microscopic, fluorescent, Coulter, viable, OD, membrane filtration, MPN.
CFU Counting: Pour plate, spread plate technique, count ranges. How these methods are performed, when used, and limitations.

Chapter 13 Review

Sterilization vs Disinfection vs Antisepsis: Degerming vs. Sanitation. Examples.
BSL Levels: BSL 1-4, requirements, examples. Clinical setting, critical, semi-critical and non-critical items, and their needs. -cidal vs. -static
Microbial Death Curve: DRT (death rate).
Physical Control Methods: Heat (dry vs moist, autoclave, pasteurization), refrigeration, freezing, desiccation (lyophilization), water activity, pressure, radiation (ionizing vs nonionizing), filtration (membrane, HEPA), sonication.
Chemical Control Methods: Phenolics, heavy metals, halogens, alcohols, surfactants, bisbiguanides, alkylating agents, peroxygens, supercritical fluid. Food, cosmetic, and pharma preservatives.
Disinfectant/Preservative Testing: Phenol coefficient, disk diffusion, use-dilution, in-use test.

Chapter 14 Review

Brief History of Antimicrobials: Ehrlich, Klarer, Mietzch, Domagk, Fleming, Hodgkin, Waksman.
Antimicrobial Drugs: Drug class, individual drugs, MOA (mechanism of action), targeted pathogens, broad vs narrow-spectrum, common uses, challenges, adverse side effects.
Antimicrobial Classes: Inhibition of bacterial cell wall, protein, membrane, metabolic pathway, nucleic acid, ATP synth, antifungals, antiprotozoans, antihelminthic, antivirals (ART inhibitors).
Antibiotic Resistance: How resistance develops, mechanisms of resistance, examples, special resistance, MDRs.
ESKAPE Pathogens: VRE, VRSA, VISA, MRSA, ESBLs, CRE, MDR-TB, XDR-TB.
Testing for Efficacy: Kirby-Bauer, dilution tests (MIC, MBC, Etest).
Current Antibiotic Discovery: Options, techniques.

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Description

Evaluate your understanding of bacterial growth, growth curves, and measurement techniques in Chapter 9. In Chapter 13, explore key concepts in sterilization, microbial control methods, and safety levels in clinical settings. This comprehensive review will enhance your grasp of microbiological principles and practices.