Microbiology Chapter 5 Quiz

Infection restricted to the specific area of the body where microorganisms reside.

Infection spreads and damages various parts of the body.

Presence of microorganisms in the bloodstream.

Systemic infection caused by bacteremia.

Infection appearing suddenly and lasting a short duration.

Infection developing slowly and persisting for months or years.

Infection acquired in a healthcare setting.

Infections resulting from medical procedures.

A type of immunity where the host receives antibodies produced by another source, like a nursing mother (natural) or through an injection (artificial).

Specialized immune cells that produce antibodies, which are proteins that bind to foreign substances and initiate their removal from the body.

Cells involved in cell-mediated immunity, which targets infected cells directly, rather than using antibodies.

A type of T cell that helps activate other immune cells, like B cells and other T cells, making them more effective fighters.

A type of T cell that kills infected cells and sometimes even cancer cells by releasing toxic chemicals.

A type of T cell that helps regulate the immune response by suppressing the activity of other immune cells, preventing overreaction.

Factors that make an individual more vulnerable to infections. It can be influenced by age, genetics, stress, nutrition, medications, and existing diseases.

A hormone that can suppress the immune system when levels are elevated due to stress. This can increase susceptibility to infections.

The rate at which energy is used by the body to maintain basic functions, like breathing, even when at rest.

The process of increasing heat production in the body through increased cellular metabolism.

Hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine released during stress, causing a temporary increase in body temperature.

Heat transfer through direct contact between objects at different temperatures.

Heat transfer through movement of fluids or air.

Heat loss through evaporation of water from the skin and lungs.

Heat loss through infrared radiation, where energy is emitted from a warmer object to a colder one.

The microorganisms found in cultures of urine, blood, sputum, or other drainage that indicate the presence of infection.

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute, calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate.

The pulse felt in an area far from the heart, like the wrist or foot.

The pulse felt directly over the heart, at the point of maximal impulse (PMI).

The ability of arteries to stretch and expand as blood flows through them.

A condition where arteries lose their ability to stretch, often associated with aging, making the heart work harder to pump blood.

The amount of blood pumped out by the heart with each beat.

The number of times the heart beats per minute.

A condition where blood loss causes the heart to beat faster to maintain blood pressure.

The temperature of the internal organs and deep tissues, generally considered the most accurate measure of body temperature.

The temperature of the skin surface. It can vary depending on environment and blood flow.

The main control center in the brain responsible for regulating body temperature.

A type of fever where the body temperature alternates between periods of fever and normal temperature at regular intervals.

The difference between the apical pulse (measured at the heart) and the radial pulse (measured at the wrist).

High blood pressure with an unknown cause. It can be due to several factors and requires medical management.

The ability to breathe only in an upright sitting or standing position.

A pattern of breathing characterized by irregular periods of apnea (no breathing) alternating with periods of hyperventilation (rapid breathing).

Deep, regular, and increased rate of breathing. Often associated with metabolic acidosis.

The resistance to blood flow in the peripheral arteries.

Blood pressure is higher when the blood is highly viscous (thick), that is, when the proportion of red blood cells to the blood plasma is high.

When blood volume decreases (as with hemorrhage or dehydration), blood pressure decreases due to less fluid in the arteries. Conversely, when blood volume increases (as with rapid IV infusion), blood pressure increases because of more fluid in the circulatory system.

The elastic and muscular tissues of the arteries are replaced with fibrous tissue, resulting in decreased ability of the arteries to constrict and dilate. This condition is common in middle-aged and elderly adults.

The diameter of the arterioles and capillaries plays a major role in determining peripheral resistance. Smaller spaces mean greater resistance.