Microbiology Chapter 5 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What term is used to describe a condition when microorganisms are found in the bloodstream?

Chronic infection

Septicemia

Nosocomial infection

Bacteremia (correct)

Which of the following is a common source of nosocomial infections?

A patient's family members visiting

Endogenous sources from the client (correct)

Contaminated food in the facility

Viruses originating from the respiratory system

Acute infections are characterized by what type of onset?

Gradual onset lasting years

Intermittent episodes lasting months

Slow onset with chronic symptoms

Sudden onset lasting a few days (correct)

What is an example of an iatrogenic infection?

Infection caused by a surgical procedure Signup and view all the answers

Which link in the chain of infection refers to the organism causing the disease?

Etiologic agent Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to the spread of nosocomial microorganisms?

Insufficient hand cleansing Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates septicemia from bacteremia?

Septicemia refers to severe cases of bacteremia leading to systemic infection. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a chronic infection?

Tuberculosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of plasma cells in the immune system?

They secrete antibodies and serum proteins. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of immunity is characterized by the host receiving antibodies produced by another source?

Passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

What main role do helper T cells play in the immune response?

They provide regulatory support to the immune system. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT increase susceptibility to infection?

High nutritional status Signup and view all the answers

How does chronic stress influence susceptibility to infections?

It elevates blood cortisone levels. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups of T cells is responsible for killing infected or cancerous cells?

Cytotoxic T cells Signup and view all the answers

What is one consequence of inadequate nutritional status in relation to the immune system?

Decreased ability to synthesize antibodies Signup and view all the answers

What impact does radiation therapy have on a patient's susceptibility to infections?

It destroys both cancerous and some normal cells. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cleansing hands between client contacts?

To prevent the transmission of pathogens Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing cellular metabolism and heat production in the body?

Thyroxine Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended nursing intervention for managing the reservoir of infection?

Dispose of soiled linens appropriately Signup and view all the answers

How does fever affect the body's heat production?

It increases the metabolic rate Signup and view all the answers

Which method of heat loss is characterized by the transfer of heat through direct contact with another surface?

Conduction Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is NOT appropriate for breaking the chain of infection?

Coughing over open wounds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT directly related to heat production in the body?

Level of hydration Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to ensure effective aseptic precautions are maintained?

Initiate and implement aseptic precautions for all clients Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting pulse rate associated with aging?

Pulse rate gradually decreases overall with age. Signup and view all the answers

How is cardiac output calculated?

Stroke volume times heart rate per minute. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the pulse rate during exercise for professional athletes?

It increases at a slower rate than in average individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is known to increase the pulse rate due to metabolic changes?

Fever. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does hypovolemia have on heart rate?

It triggers an adjustment to increase heart rate. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a peripheral pulse?

A pulse detected away from the heart, such as in the wrist. Signup and view all the answers

How does stress affect heart activity?

It increases the overall activity of the heart. Signup and view all the answers

How does gender affect pulse rate after puberty?

Male pulse rates are usually slightly lower than female rates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

Alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation Signup and view all the answers

How does increased peripheral resistance affect blood pressure?

Increases blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during episodes of Kussmaul’s respiration?

Abnormally deep, regular, and increased rate of respiration Signup and view all the answers

What condition leads to the loss of the arteries' ability to constrict and dilate?

Arteriosclerosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes dyspnea?

Difficult and labored breathing with a feeling of air hunger Signup and view all the answers

How does blood viscosity affect blood pressure?

High viscosity results in higher blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of hypoventilation on respiratory rate?

Respiratory rate is abnormally low with depressed depth Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes orthopnea?

Ability to breathe only in an upright position Signup and view all the answers

What does core temperature refer to?

The temperature of the deep tissues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes surface temperature?

The temperature of the skin Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT a means of heat loss in the body?

Muscle activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the integrator responsible for the regulation of body temperature?

Hypothalamus and an effector system Signup and view all the answers

What does intermittent fever mean?

Body temperature alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever Signup and view all the answers

What does pulse deficit indicate?

Difference between apical and radial pulse rates Signup and view all the answers

What term describes an elevated blood pressure of known cause?

Secondary hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fundamentals of Nursing Course Notes - First Semester

Part One - 2023-2024

Asepsis

Introduction
- Microorganisms exist everywhere (water, soil, body surfaces).
- Most microorganisms are harmless and some are beneficial.
- Some microorganisms are normal residents, while others can cause infection.
Types of Microorganisms Causing Infections
- Bacteria (most common).
- Viruses.
- Fungi.
- Parasites.
Types of Infections
- Local: limited to a specific area.
- Systemic: spreads throughout the body.
- Asymptomatic/Subclinical: no clinical evidence of disease.
- Communicable: can be transmitted directly or indirectly.
- Acute: sudden onset and short duration.
- Chronic: slow onset and long duration.
Nosocomial Infections
- Infections acquired in a healthcare facility (during or after admission).
- Factors contributing:
  - Iatrogenic infections (related to procedures).
  - Compromised host (weakened immune system).
  - Poor infection control practices.
Chain of Infection
- Etiologic agent (microorganism)
- Reservoir (source of microorganism)
- Portal of exit from reservoir
- Method of transmission
- Portal of entry to host
- Susceptible host
Body Defenses Against Infections
- Anatomic barriers (skin, mucous membranes).
- Physiologic barriers (stomach acid, tears, cilia).
- Inflammatory response
- Specific (immune) defenses:
  - Antibody-mediated defenses
  - Cell-mediated defenses
Factors Increasing Susceptibility to Infection
- Age (very young/old have weakened immune systems).
- Heredity.
- Stress.
- Malnutrition.
- Pre-existing diseases.
- Medications (immunosuppressants).
- Medical procedures (surgery).
Nursing Management
- Assessment (collecting data related to infectious process, risk factors).
- Implementation (interventions breaking chain of infection).
Preventing Nosocomial Infections
- Hand hygiene.
- Sterile technique.
- Isolation precautions.
- Proper handling of equipment and supplies.
Disinfecting and Sterilizing
- Methods to kill or remove microorganisms.
Isolation Precautions
- Standards of care for preventing spread of infection among patients and from patient to healthcare professionals.
Personal Protective Equipment
- Protecting healthcare providers from infection (gloves, gowns, masks, eye protection).
Principles and Practices of Surgical Asepsis
- Maintaining sterile techniques during procedures.
Infection Control for Healthcare Workers
- Guidelines for infection prevention.

Heat Production and Loss

Factors affecting heat production.
Mechanisms of heat loss.

Temperature Measurement

Fahrenheit and Centigrade scales.
Conversion formulas.

Pulse

Definition.
Components of measuring pulse.
Factors affecting pulse.
Pulse sites.

Respiration

Definition.
Types of respiration.
Mechanics of respiration.
Factors affecting respiration.

Blood Pressure

Classification of Blood Pressure.
Factors affecting Blood Pressure.
Hypertension.
Hypotension.

Life Style Modification to Prevent and Manage Hypertension

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 5 of microbiology. This quiz covers topics like infections, immunity mechanisms, and the role of microorganisms in disease. Perfect for students seeking to reinforce their understanding of infectious diseases and the immune response.