Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Urinary Tract Infections

• The most common cause of urinary tract infections is bacteria.
• E. coli is the most typical pathogen.

Sepsis

• Sepsis is characterized by bacteremia, accompanied by chemical and laboratory data for systematic information.

Erysipelas

• Erysipelas is a bacterial infection characterized by well-defined areas of bright-red, inflamed and rough or leathery skin.
• The causative agent is Streptococcus pyogenes.

Nosocomial Infections

• Factors for transmission of nosocomial infections include medical dressings, breast milk, and toys.

Respiratory Tract Infections

• Respiratory tract infections can be caused by Francisella tularensis, Bordetella pertussis, and Coxiella burnetii.
• Haemophilus influenzae can cause pharyngitis, and Diphtherial croup is a type of respiratory tract infection.

Bacterial Meningitis

• The most common causative agents of bacterial meningitis are E. coli K1, Streptococcus group B (S. agalactiae), and Listeria monocytogenes.

Resident Microflora

• Resident microflora is found in the urethra and lung.

Diarrhea

• Comma-shaped rod, Campylobacter jejuni, can cause high volume watery diarrhea.
• Vibrio cholerae is another causative agent of diarrhea.

Cystitis

• The most common cause of cystitis (after E. coli) in healthy sexually active women is Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

HSV1

• HSV1 exists in the form of episomes in neurons during latency.

GIT Infections

• The pathogenesis of Shigella infection consists mainly of invasion and intraepithelial multiplication without generalization of the infectious process.

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

• Lowenstein-Jensen is the growth media used to cultivate Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Rickettsiae

• Rickettsiae do not form spores, capsules, and flagella.

ETEC

• The toxin specific for ETEC is LT enterotoxin.

Neisseria Meningitidis

• The most important virulence factor of Neisseria meningitidis is the polysaccharide capsule.

Bacterial Spores

• Bacterial spores can deform the cell or not, and are formed in 6-8 hours.

Generalized Meningococcal Infection

• Generalized meningococcal infection is usually treated with antibiotic drugs except Nystatin.

Diarrhea

• Yersinia enterocolitica can cause diarrhea of several weeks' duration.

Listeria Monocytogenes

• Listeria monocytogenes can reproduce at 4°C.

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

• Severe, often ending in fatal pneumonias, is caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

• Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause meningitis, pneumonia, and otitis media.

Bordetella Pertussis

• The best clinical specimen for Bordetella pertussis isolation is nasopharyngeal secretion.

Francisella Tularensis

• Francisella tularensis is an obligate aerobe.

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

• Clinical forms of infections with Mycoplasma pneumoniae include all of them.

Food Intoxications

• Food intoxications are caused by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus.

Sexually Transmitted Infections

• The most common causative agent of this disease is Treponema pallidum.

Fungi

• All of the listed structures are present in fungi.

Acute Glomerulonephritis

• Acute glomerulonephritis is a complication after infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.

Anaerobic Infections

• Aminoglycosides are useless in the treatment of anaerobic infections.

Leptospirosis

• Leptospirosis often occurs as a result of contact with water or moist soil contaminated with L. interrogans from the urine of wild animals.

Gram-Positive Bacteria

• The cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria contains all listed structures.

Sterilization

• Sterilization destroys all bacteria.

Antibiotics

• Penicillins cannot be used in the treatment of Mycoplasma infections.

Nucleic Acids

• The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides.