Microbiology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is metabolism?

The chemical reactions in the cell that obtain/utilize energy, breakdown compounds to obtain building blocks for synthesis, or conduct synthesis of cellular compounds & structures.

What is the need for metabolism?

Precursor molecules and energy (electron source/flow).

What is anabolism?

Synthesis.

What is catabolism?

Breakdown of compounds to obtain energy & building blocks. Signup and view all the answers

What are oxidation-reduction cycles?

Movement of electrons/energy about the cell. Signup and view all the answers

What are electron carriers?

NAD, NADP, FAD. Signup and view all the answers

What is ATP?

An energy molecule used for synthesis, active transport, and cell movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are enzymes?

Proteins with Primary to Quaternary level structures. Signup and view all the answers

What is a substrate?

The compound that an enzyme acts upon. Signup and view all the answers

What effects enzymes?

Temperature and pH. Signup and view all the answers

What is fermentation?

A metabolic process that begins with pyruvic acid, less efficient than respiration. Signup and view all the answers

The primary structure of proteins is the sequence of __________.

amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

The process by which glucose is broken down in the Krebs cycle produces __________ ATPs.

<ol start="38"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are electron carriers?

NAD Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of enzyme activity?

Increase in reaction rate Signup and view all the answers

What do carbohydrates catabolism involve?

Conversion of glucose into amino acids, sugar, fats, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What is feedback inhibition?

Product of enzyme action returns to earlier steps and stops the reaction. Signup and view all the answers

Which types of metabolic pathways produce sugars from noncarbohydrate molecules?

Gluconeogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Metabolism

Defined as the sum of chemical reactions within a cell to obtain/utilize energy, synthesize cellular components, and break down compounds for building blocks.
Requires precursor molecules and energy sources for electron flow.

Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism involves synthesis processes within the cell.
Catabolism refers to the breakdown of compounds to harvest energy and building blocks.

Electron Transport and Carriers

Oxidation-Reduction cycles involve the movement of electrons, often carried by hydrogen (H-).
Key electron carriers include NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate), and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide).

ATP Functionality

ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, fueling synthesis, active transport, and cellular movement.

Enzyme Structure and Function

Enzymes can exist as standalone or as part of holoenzymes, which consist of an apoenzyme and cofactors.
Enzymatic activity depends on structural integrity, influenced by pH and temperature.

Enzyme Inhibition

Competitive Inhibition involves the inhibitor binding to the active site, impacting substrate saturation without denaturing the enzyme.
Noncompetitive Inhibition occurs when allosteric sites are occupied, altering enzyme activity without interfering with the active site.
Feedback Inhibition involves end products returning to inhibit upstream reactions.

Fermentation and Respiration

Carbohydrate catabolism processes include aerobic respiration—which fully converts glucose to CO2 and H2O—and fermentation, which produces lactic acid or ethanol with lesser ATP yield.
Different fermentation products include lactic acid (yogurt), ethanol (beer, wine), and carbon dioxide (Swiss cheese).

Cellular Respiration Pathways

Key metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
NADPH plays a crucial role in synthesizing nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids.

Amino Acid and Nucleotide Biosynthesis

Amino acids are synthesized from precursor molecules derived from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
Nucleotides consist of a 5C sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base produced from these pathways.

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular metabolism is regulated based on substrate availability and gene expression.
Both enzyme control and cellular transport mechanisms are essential in metabolic regulation, with transport proteins modulating substrate concentrations.

Basic Precursor Metabolites

Twelve precursor metabolites serve as building blocks for macromolecules and are derived from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Specific metabolites are linked to sugar, fatty acids, and amino acid synthesis.

Lipid and Protein Catabolism

Lipid catabolism occurs through hydrolysis and beta oxidation, while protein catabolism is utilized when glucose and fats are depleted, relying on amino acid breakdown.

Amphibolic Pathways

Amphibolic reactions are capable of functioning in both catabolic and anabolic directions, providing metabolic flexibility (e.g., lipids).

Importance of Fermentation Products

Fermentation products serve practical purposes in food production (cheese, yogurt) and can be used to identify microbial species based on the specific products they generate.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in metabolism through these flashcards based on Chapter 5 of Microbiology. This quiz covers essential terms such as metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism, providing definitions and explanations for better comprehension.