Questions and Answers
What is metabolism?
The chemical reactions in the cell that obtain/utilize energy, breakdown compounds to obtain building blocks for synthesis, or conduct synthesis of cellular compounds & structures.
What is the need for metabolism?
Precursor molecules and energy (electron source/flow).
What is anabolism?
Synthesis.
What is catabolism?
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What are oxidation-reduction cycles?
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What are electron carriers?
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What is ATP?
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What are enzymes?
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What is a substrate?
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What effects enzymes?
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What is fermentation?
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The primary structure of proteins is the sequence of __________.
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The process by which glucose is broken down in the Krebs cycle produces __________ ATPs.
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Which of the following are electron carriers?
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Which of the following is a result of enzyme activity?
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What do carbohydrates catabolism involve?
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What is feedback inhibition?
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Which types of metabolic pathways produce sugars from noncarbohydrate molecules?
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Study Notes
Metabolism
- Defined as the sum of chemical reactions within a cell to obtain/utilize energy, synthesize cellular components, and break down compounds for building blocks.
- Requires precursor molecules and energy sources for electron flow.
Anabolism and Catabolism
- Anabolism involves synthesis processes within the cell.
- Catabolism refers to the breakdown of compounds to harvest energy and building blocks.
Electron Transport and Carriers
- Oxidation-Reduction cycles involve the movement of electrons, often carried by hydrogen (H-).
- Key electron carriers include NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide), NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate), and FAD (Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide).
ATP Functionality
- ATP serves as the primary energy currency of the cell, fueling synthesis, active transport, and cellular movement.
Enzyme Structure and Function
- Enzymes can exist as standalone or as part of holoenzymes, which consist of an apoenzyme and cofactors.
- Enzymatic activity depends on structural integrity, influenced by pH and temperature.
Enzyme Inhibition
- Competitive Inhibition involves the inhibitor binding to the active site, impacting substrate saturation without denaturing the enzyme.
- Noncompetitive Inhibition occurs when allosteric sites are occupied, altering enzyme activity without interfering with the active site.
- Feedback Inhibition involves end products returning to inhibit upstream reactions.
Fermentation and Respiration
- Carbohydrate catabolism processes include aerobic respiration—which fully converts glucose to CO2 and H2O—and fermentation, which produces lactic acid or ethanol with lesser ATP yield.
- Different fermentation products include lactic acid (yogurt), ethanol (beer, wine), and carbon dioxide (Swiss cheese).
Cellular Respiration Pathways
- Key metabolic pathways include glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
- NADPH plays a crucial role in synthesizing nucleotides, steroids, and fatty acids.
Amino Acid and Nucleotide Biosynthesis
- Amino acids are synthesized from precursor molecules derived from glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
- Nucleotides consist of a 5C sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base produced from these pathways.
Regulation of Metabolism
- Cellular metabolism is regulated based on substrate availability and gene expression.
- Both enzyme control and cellular transport mechanisms are essential in metabolic regulation, with transport proteins modulating substrate concentrations.
Basic Precursor Metabolites
- Twelve precursor metabolites serve as building blocks for macromolecules and are derived from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
- Specific metabolites are linked to sugar, fatty acids, and amino acid synthesis.
Lipid and Protein Catabolism
- Lipid catabolism occurs through hydrolysis and beta oxidation, while protein catabolism is utilized when glucose and fats are depleted, relying on amino acid breakdown.
Amphibolic Pathways
- Amphibolic reactions are capable of functioning in both catabolic and anabolic directions, providing metabolic flexibility (e.g., lipids).
Importance of Fermentation Products
- Fermentation products serve practical purposes in food production (cheese, yogurt) and can be used to identify microbial species based on the specific products they generate.
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Test your understanding of key concepts in metabolism through these flashcards based on Chapter 5 of Microbiology. This quiz covers essential terms such as metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism, providing definitions and explanations for better comprehension.