Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which two of the following are differences between spirochetes and spirilla? (Select all that apply)
Which two of the following are differences between spirochetes and spirilla? (Select all that apply)
What is a reasonable hypothesis for the highly convoluted cell membrane of E. fishelsoni?
What is a reasonable hypothesis for the highly convoluted cell membrane of E. fishelsoni?
To deal with surface area to volume ratio problems of being large.
In most bacterial cells, the cell ______ is the structural 'sugar bound with protein' layer surrounding the cell.
In most bacterial cells, the cell ______ is the structural 'sugar bound with protein' layer surrounding the cell.
wall
Which three of the following cellular activities are associated with the bacterial plasma membrane? (Select all that apply)
Which three of the following cellular activities are associated with the bacterial plasma membrane? (Select all that apply)
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Which metric unit is best used to describe the thickness of a plasma membrane?
Which metric unit is best used to describe the thickness of a plasma membrane?
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The amphipathic character of phospholipids found in plasma membranes implies that ______.
The amphipathic character of phospholipids found in plasma membranes implies that ______.
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Proteins that extend through a membrane must have _______.
Proteins that extend through a membrane must have _______.
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Regions of the plasma membrane that contain several types of lipids in addition to phospholipids are termed _____.
Regions of the plasma membrane that contain several types of lipids in addition to phospholipids are termed _____.
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Cell membranes are a heterogeneous mixture of complex compounds floating in a 'sea' of lipids.
Cell membranes are a heterogeneous mixture of complex compounds floating in a 'sea' of lipids.
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Which transport mechanisms rely only on concentration gradients to provide the 'force' to move materials across the plasma membrane?
Which transport mechanisms rely only on concentration gradients to provide the 'force' to move materials across the plasma membrane?
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Which transport mechanisms rely on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane?
Which transport mechanisms rely on concentration gradients of one substance to power the translocation of a different substance across a membrane?
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If a cell is placed into a slightly hostile environment, which transport mechanisms would probably work the fastest?
If a cell is placed into a slightly hostile environment, which transport mechanisms would probably work the fastest?
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A carrier protein that transports solute molecules by facilitated diffusion has _____ configuration(s) because _____.
A carrier protein that transports solute molecules by facilitated diffusion has _____ configuration(s) because _____.
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Why do bacteria often have multiple transport systems for certain solutes?
Why do bacteria often have multiple transport systems for certain solutes?
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Which transport mechanisms use ATP-binding cassette transporters?
Which transport mechanisms use ATP-binding cassette transporters?
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Active transport and facilitated diffusion are similar because they both ____.
Active transport and facilitated diffusion are similar because they both ____.
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Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed _____.
Transport of molecules across the membrane using an additional solute is termed _____.
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During secondary active transport, when ions move opposite to the movement of a substance, this is termed ____.
During secondary active transport, when ions move opposite to the movement of a substance, this is termed ____.
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When bacteria use different transport systems for the same substance, which three properties do the systems differ in? (Select all that apply)
When bacteria use different transport systems for the same substance, which three properties do the systems differ in? (Select all that apply)
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One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is ______.
One distinguishing characteristic of group translocation is ______.
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The transfer of phosphate from phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to an incoming molecule is an example of a(n) ____.
The transfer of phosphate from phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) to an incoming molecule is an example of a(n) ____.
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Almost all microbes require ______ as a component of cytochromes and many enzymes.
Almost all microbes require ______ as a component of cytochromes and many enzymes.
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Many bacteria secrete ______ to capture iron and allow it to be translocated into the cell.
Many bacteria secrete ______ to capture iron and allow it to be translocated into the cell.
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In the PTS group translocation mechanism, glucose is transported into the cell and modified by ______.
In the PTS group translocation mechanism, glucose is transported into the cell and modified by ______.
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Study Notes
Differences Between Spirochetes and Spirilla
- Spirochetes are flexible and spiral-shaped, while spirilla are rigid and spiral-shaped.
- Unique internal flagella arrangement characterizes spirochetes; spirilla have flagella at one or both ends.
E. fishelsoni and Cell Membrane Structure
- E. fishelsoni is one of the largest bacteria known.
- Highly convoluted cell membrane helps address surface area to volume ratio issues.
Bacterial Cell Wall
- The bacterial cell wall is a structural layer composed of sugar bound with protein, located external to the plasma membrane.
Cellular Activities Related to Plasma Membrane
- Key functions of the bacterial plasma membrane include:
- Importing and exporting proteins
- Cellular respiration
- Photosynthesis
Measurement of Plasma Membrane Thickness
- Nanometer (nm) is the appropriate metric unit for describing plasma membrane thickness.
Amphipathic Nature of Phospholipids
- The amphipathic character of phospholipids indicates their asymmetry.
Membrane-Extending Proteins
- Proteins that penetrate membranes must possess hydrophobic regions interacting with the bilayer and hydrophilic regions interacting with the surrounding environment.
Microdomains in Plasma Membranes
- Plasma membrane regions containing various lipid types aside from phospholipids are known as microdomains.
Characteristics of Cell Membranes
- Cell membranes are described as heterogeneous mixtures of complex compounds dispersed in a lipid "sea."
Transport Mechanisms: Facilitated Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion utilizes concentration gradients to move materials across the plasma membrane.
Secondary Transport Mechanisms
- Secondary transport uses the concentration gradient of one substance to drive the movement of another substance across the membrane.
Passive Diffusion in Hostile Environments
- In slightly hostile environments, passive diffusion operates fastest, unaffected by adverse conditions.
Carrier Protein Configurations in Facilitated Diffusion
- Carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion have two configurations to bind solute outside the cell and release it within.
Advantages of Multiple Transport Systems in Bacteria
- Bacteria with multiple transport systems for certain solutes can utilize available nutrients across varying environmental conditions.
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters
- Primary active transport mechanisms employ ATP-binding cassette transporters for energy.
Active Transport vs. Facilitated Diffusion
- Both active transport and facilitated diffusion utilize proteins to transport materials across membranes.
Definition of Secondary Active Transport
- Secondary active transport involves the movement of molecules across a membrane using an additional solute.
Antiport in Secondary Active Transport
- Antiport describes the action when ions move in the opposite direction of another substance during secondary active transport.
Variability in Bacterial Transport Systems
- Bacterial transport systems for the same substance may differ in energy source, affinity for the solute, and regulatory mechanisms.
Group Translocation Characteristic
- A distinguishing feature of group translocation is the chemical modification of transported molecules.
Phosphorelay System
- The transfer of phosphate from phosphoenol pyruvate to an incoming molecule exemplifies a phosphorelay system.
Iron as a Microbial Component
- Almost all microbes require iron for cytochromes and many enzymes.
Role of Siderophores in Iron Capture
- Many bacteria secrete siderophores to capture iron, facilitating its translocation into the cell.
PTS Group Translocation Mechanism
- Glucose is transported into the cell in the PTS mechanism and is modified through the addition of a phosphate.
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Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Microbiology Chapter 3. Dive into the differences between spirochetes and spirilla and learn about unique bacterial characteristics. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts in microbiology.
