Microbiology Chapter 11 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following assumptions about infection is false?

  • The microorganisms must multiply.
  • The microorganisms must enter the tissues.
  • The microorganisms must penetrate the host defenses.
  • The microorganisms must be opportunistic. (correct)

    • Identify the sterile (microbe-free) anatomical site from the list below.

  • Rectum
  • Urethra
  • Vagina
  • Bladder (correct)

    • Place the following occurrences in the proper sequence or order.

  • Contact, infection, disease (correct)
  • Contact, disease, infection
  • Infection, contact, disease
  • Disease, infection, contact

    • Microbial antagonism means that

    <p>Good microbes establish themselves in the host and prevent invasion by pathogenic microbes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resident biota (normal flora) of human beings include members of the

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infants are typically first exposed to disease

    <p>During the birth process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Host defenses are NOT compromised by

    <p>Middle age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endogenous infections are caused by

    <p>Normal biota in an unusual site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bacteria colonizing the body are necessary for proper development. A germ-free animal displays

    <p>Heightened sensitivity to enteric pathogens and fungal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A virulence factor is one which

    <p>Allows a microbe to invade and establish itself on the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an adhesion mechanism that bacteria use to attach to a host?

    <p>Envelope spikes puncture cells for entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microbial infection damages hosts by

    <p>Toxins, exoenzymes, induction of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exotoxins differ from endotoxins in that exotoxins

    <p>Are secreted from living cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A focal infection is where the infectious agent

    <p>Breaks loose from initial infection and is carried to other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer is called

    <p>A sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify which is a symptom from the list of signs below.

    <p>Nausea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After initial infection, some infectious agents go into a dormancy, or ________, but may re-emerge to produce a recurrent disease state.

    <p>latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When cases are concentrated in one area at a relatively stable rate, then the disease is

    <p>Endemic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _______________ transmission means the disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another.

    <p>Horizontal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ______ are individuals who inconspicuously shelter a pathogen and spread it to others.

    <p>Carriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fomite is _________ that can transmit disease.

    <p>An inanimate object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An infection which is indigenous to animals but can be transmitted to humans is a _________ infection.

    <p>Zoonotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Koch's Postulates for identifying a pathogen require all of the following EXCEPT

    <p>Sequencing the DNA of the suspect organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Universal (Blood and Body Fluid) Precautions include

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As the infectious dose of the microorganism increases, the virulence of the microorganism increases.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most pathogens have one preferred portal of entry.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Exotoxins and endotoxins differ in their site of effect.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    -itis means 'inflammation,' for example, gastritis is an inflamed intestine.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most colonization events result in infection and disease.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections which come on quickly with severe symptoms are termed 'chronic' infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mortality rate measures the number of people with infections. Morbidity rate measures the number of deaths in a population.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Epidemiology is the study of disease in individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nosocomial infections are acquired in a hospital from surgical procedures, equipment, personnel, and often involve drug-resistant microorganisms.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There are no microorganisms that can cross the transplacental barrier, so fetuses are protected until birth.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Infection and Host Interaction

    • Infection requires pathogens to penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply; they do not have to be opportunistic.
    • Sterile anatomical sites in the body include the bladder, which is free from microbes.

    Sequence of Infection

    • Infection typically follows the order: contact → infection → disease.

    Microbial Antagonism

    • Microbial antagonism occurs when beneficial microbes prevent pathogenic invasion.

    Normal Flora

    • Human resident biota (normal flora) includes bacteria, fungi, and potentially harmful arthropods.

    Infant Exposure

    • Infants are first exposed to diseases during the birth process.

    Host Defenses

    • Host defenses can be compromised by diseases, chemotherapy, and surgery, but not by simply being middle-aged.

    Endogenous Infections

    • These infections occur when normal biota enter unusual body sites.

    Germ-Free Animals

    • Germ-free animals demonstrate heightened sensitivity to pathogens due to lack of microbial colonization.

    Virulence Factors

    • Virulence factors assist pathogens in invading and establishing infection within the host.

    Bacterial Adhesion Mechanisms

    • Common adhesion mechanisms include fimbriae, glycocalyx, and dextran slime; however, envelope spikes are not an adhesion mechanism.

    Antiphagocytic Factors

    • Antiphagocytic components include leukocidins and capsules, but erythrocytes do not serve this purpose.

    Infection Damage Mechanisms

    • Bacterial infections damage hosts through toxins, exoenzymes, and immune response induction.

    Toxin Variations

    • Exotoxins are secreted from living cells, unlike endotoxins, which are composed of lipopolysaccharides and are less stable.

    Focal Infections

    • A focal infection involves the infectious agent spreading from an initial site to other tissues.

    Disease Indicators

    • Signs are objective evidence of disease, while symptoms are subjective experiences reported by the patient.

    Dormant Infectious Agents

    • Some pathogens can remain dormant (latency) after initial infection and may later cause disease.

    Disease Epidemiology

    • A disease is considered endemic when its cases are stable in a specific area.

    Disease Transmission

    • Horizontal transmission refers to the spread of disease from one infected individual to another.

    Carriers

    • Carriers are individuals who harbor pathogens without exhibiting symptoms but can spread the disease.

    Fomites

    • Fomites are inanimate objects that can transmit diseases.

    Zoonotic Infections

    • Zoonotic infections originate from animals and can be transmitted to humans.

    Koch's Postulates

    • To identify a pathogen, Koch's Postulates require re-inoculation and isolation; DNA sequencing is not a necessity.

    Infection Control

    • Universal precautions involve using barriers, safely disposing of sharps, and immediate decontamination of soiled items.

    Pathogen Virulence and Infection Rates

    • Increased infectious doses do not necessarily correlate with increased virulence; most pathogens often have a preferred entry point.

    Toxin Sites of Effect

    • Exotoxins and endotoxins differ in their sites of action within the host.

    Inflammation Terminology

    • The suffix "-itis" indicates inflammation, such as in gastritis for inflamed stomach lining.

    Colonization and Disease

    • Not all colonization leads to infection or disease; hence most events do not result in illness.

    Infection Characteristics

    • Acute infections manifest rapidly with severe symptoms; chronic infections develop gradually.

    Measuring Disease Impact

    • Mortality rate indicates deaths in a population; morbidity rate tracks the number of infected individuals.
    • Epidemiology focuses on disease patterns in populations, not individuals.

    Nosocomial Infections

    • Nosocomial infections are acquired in healthcare settings and are often caused by drug-resistant pathogens.

    Placental Barrier

    • Microorganisms can cross the transplacental barrier; fetuses are not completely protected from infection.

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    Test your knowledge with these flashcards from Microbiology Chapter 11. Each card presents key concepts and questions related to the conditions for infection and sterile anatomical sites. Perfect for review and exam preparation on microbiological principles.

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