Medical Conditions: HSV and Acute Kidney Injury

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) caused by reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

AKI caused by damage within the kidney itself, affecting nephrons.

AKI caused by blockage of urine flow from the kidney, distal to the kidney.

Most common cause of intrinsic AKI, caused by damage to kidney tubules.

Sudden decline in kidney function, leading to waste buildup and fluid imbalance.

Decreased glomerular filtration rate, a key indicator of kidney function decline.

Reduced urine output.

Loss of body fluids, a common cause of prerenal AKI.

A common cause of acute kidney injury, characterized by damage to the kidney's tubules, leading to decreased urine output and rising waste products in the blood.

ATN involves two key processes: vascular (reduced blood flow, hypoxia, vasoconstriction) and tubular (inflammation, reperfusion injury, causing casts and obstruction).

ATN results from low blood flow to the kidneys or exposure to toxins.

ATN has three stages: Prodromal/Initiation (early signs, urine output may be normal or decreasing), Oliguric/Maintenance (decreased urine, potentially needing dialysis), and Post-Oliguric/Recovery (increasing urine, kidney function recovery attempted).

Low urine output, usually between 50 – 400 mL/day, in the maintenance phase of ATN.

Glomerular Filtration Rate: The rate at which blood is filtered in the kidneys. It affects toxin clearance and is important in kidney health.

Buildup of waste products in the blood due to reduced GFR, causing symptoms and possibly serious complications.

A condition characterized by excessively high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood.

Presence of excessive protein in the urine.

Low levels of albumin in the blood.

Swelling caused by fluid buildup in tissues.

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. A system in the body that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

A bacterial infection of the kidneys and renal pelvis.

Infection of the urinary system that can ascend to the kidneys.

A common bacteria that causes UTIs.

Proteins that help the blood clot

A small, gram-negative bacterium that lives inside host cells.

Infectious, but inactive form of Chlamydia trachomatis, enters host cells.

Metabolically active, replicative form of Chlamydia trachomatis, replicates inside host cells.

Used by Chlamydia to inject proteins into host cells.

Chronic, ulcerative disease caused by L serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis.

Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in the genital area.

Infection with no noticeable signs or symptoms.

Signs and symptoms associated with a certain disease.

Endemic in certain regions, sporadic in others.

The virus hides in nerve cells after initial infection, allowing for reactivation later.

The virus becomes active again, causing symptoms like sores.

HSV infections remain in the body for life.

A high risk of transmission from mother to baby during delivery if the mother has an active infection.

The time from infection to when sores appear (3-7 days).

Sores develop from small bumps to fluid-filled blisters to open sores.

Genital HSV can cause discharge and pelvic pain.

Diagnosis based on the typical appearance of sores.

A lab test where the virus is grown in a culture to be identified.

A test identifying the virus's genetic material.

Cesarean delivery is recommended for mothers with active infection during birth.

A genetic disorder causing numerous cysts to develop in the kidneys, potentially leading to kidney failure.

Two main types involve gene defects (PDK1 & PDK2), with different ages of onset and progression.

Symptoms like hypertension (high blood pressure), proteinuria (protein in urine), hematuria (blood in urine), and pain related to kidney function.

Kidney function gradually declines in PKD, often leading to kidney failure—requiring dialysis, or transplant

A common non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland in older men.

Typically affects men over 50 years of age.

Solid masses formed from minerals and salts in the urine.

The medical term for kidney stones (also called renal calculi).

The most common type of kidney stones, composed largely of calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate mixed with calcium phosphate.

Kidney Stones

Conditions or factors that increase the chance of kidney stone formation.

A condition with too much parathyroid hormone, raising calcium levels and potentially forming stones.

A form of arthritis that has potential kidney stone risk

A disease characterized by cells growing abnormally in the breast.

Breast cancer that is inherited.

Peak incidence is between 2-5 years of age, with 95% occurring before 10 years of age.

Involves both kidneys, either simultaneously (synchronous) or one after the other (metachronous).

Typically through the bloodstream to organs like the brain, liver, adrenal glands, and bone.

Intermittent incontinence while asleep, inappropriate wetting of clothing or bedding, mainly in children.

A child who has never achieved continence (they've never been dry at night).

Develops after a period of at least 6 months of dryness.

Immune response to triggers (often strep throat/skin infections); immune cells attack and damage the kidney basement membrane, reducing filtration.

Ongoing damage and scarring (fibrosis) lead to shrinking of nephrons and reduced kidney function.

Palpable abdominal mass, abdominal pain, high blood pressure (HTN), and sometimes blood in urine (hematuria).

Persistent protein and blood in urine, slowly declining kidney function.

A gram-variable bacterium often associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV).

A shift in vaginal flora, not a single infection, often with Gardnerella vaginalis and other bacteria.

Thin, green-gray vaginal discharge with a fishy odor, especially noticeable after intercourse.

Vaginal epithelial cells coated with bacteria, visible in a microscopic wet mount.

A diagnostic test where adding KOH to the discharge produces a fishy odor.

A type of herpes simplex virus primarily causing oral herpes (cold sores).

A type of herpes simplex virus mostly associated with genital herpes.

The phase of herpes simplex infections with visible sores and high infectiousness.

A protrusion of the rectum into the vagina.

Discomfort or pain felt in the pelvic region.

Problems with passing stool.

Feeling like the bowels are not completely empty after a bowel movement.

Loss of control over bowel movements.

Classification of DUB severity based on the extent of rectal wall protrusion into the vaginal canal.

The level determining whether surgical intervention is needed. Grading severity based on extent of rectal wall protrusion

Loss of control over bowel movements due to rectal wall displacement.

Difficulty completely emptying the bowels due to various reasons.

Frequent urinary tract infections caused by incomplete bowel emptying and pelvic floor issues.

Abnormal uterine bleeding not linked to tumors, inflammation, pregnancy, trauma, or hormonal issues.

A cycle where ovulation does not happen, causing inconsistent or excessive bleeding due to imbalanced hormones.

Thickening of the uterine lining due to estrogen dominance, often leading to irregular bleeding.

Large urine volume (up to 3 L/day) during kidney recovery, despite damaged tubules, causing loss of water, sodium, and potassium.

Increased glomerular permeability causing significant protein loss in urine due to damaged glomerular capillaries.

Immunological damage to glomeruli with inflammation, causing proliferative changes and leukocyte infiltration.

Clinical symptoms include hematuria, oliguria, proteinuria, azotemia, and hypertension, resulting from the damaged glomeruli.

Two types of kidney syndromes, one affecting protein filtration and the other inflammation within the filtering units.

Involuntary loss of urine, never normal, and not a normal part of aging.

A condition causing frequent, severe pain around the bladder, along with urinary symptoms lasting over six weeks, without obvious infection or other causes.

Inherited condition affecting the kidneys, causing multiple cysts leading to potential kidney failure.

Inherited condition causing numerous cysts in the kidneys that ultimately lead to kidney failure. Mutation in PKHD1 gene.

Inflammation of the kidney tubules, interstitium, and renal pelvis, often caused by bacterial infection.

Generally caused by a bacterial infection, usually associated with a urinary tract infection.

Bacterial infection plays a role, but factors like vesicoureteral reflux and obstruction also contribute to repeat acute pyelonephritis episodes.

Gram-negative bacilli, often Escherichia coli, are the most common causes.

Bacteria binding to epithelial cells triggers inflammation that damages kidney tissue.

Factors like pregnancy, diabetes, and urinary tract abnormalities increase the risk.

Sudden onset, fever, chills, pain, and urinary symptoms (dysuria, urgency, frequency).

Inflammation of the prostate gland, often causing symptoms like fever, back pain, and painful urination.

Fever, chills, low back pain, frequency, urgency, and dysuria (painful urination).

Pain in the perineum, back, suprapubic area or testis and voiding symptoms but may be asymptomatic.

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome with prostatitis symptoms, but no infection or inflammation.

Urinalysis (checking WBCs and bacteria) and urine culture needed to identify the causative organisms.

Connective tissue fibrosis in the penis, causing curvature and painful erections.

Kidney cancer, most common in older adults, often unilateral.

Smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, asbestos and heavy metal exposure.

Most common type, originates from proximal tubules in the renal cortex, with high potential for metastasis.

Inherited predisposition to breast cancer, often due to loss-of-function mutations in genes involved in DNA repair, like BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53.

Mutations in these genes cause 80-90% of familial breast cancers and 3-6% of all breast cancers.

Breast cancers not related to family history, but associated with estrogen exposure and age.

Breast cancers classified into luminal (ER-positive), HER2, and triple-negative groups based on receptor expression and biological characteristics.

Luminal cancers are further divided into A and B, differing primarily in proliferation rate (low in group A, high in group B).

Breast cancer characterized by overexpression of the HER2 receptor, often due to gene amplification, and responsive to HER2 inhibitors.

Breast cancer lacking ER and HER2 expression, often associated with DNA repair defects and carrying a poor prognosis.

Common signs include painless lumps, skin dimpling, nipple retraction, breast contour changes, and bloody nipple discharge.

Non-proliferative breast changes characterized by cystic formations and apocrine metaplasia.