Medical Conditions: HSV and Acute Kidney Injury
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary consequence of HSV latency in the human body?

  • It results in a permanent immune response against the virus.
  • The virus can reactivate under specific conditions, leading to lesions. (correct)
  • Infection can be completely eliminated after the initial phase.
  • It causes immediate and severe systemic symptoms.

    • What indicates a primary HSV infection in a mother during delivery?

  • Blood tests showing high levels of anti-HSV antibodies.
  • Active lesions on a prior infection site without new symptoms.
  • Presence of new lesions during the week before delivery. (correct)
  • A history of HSV infections without recent outbreaks.

    • Which diagnostic method is primarily used for identifying viral cytopathic effects in HSV?

  • Molecular testing using ELISA.
  • Direct Immunofluorescence for viral proteins.
  • Tissue culture from aspirated lesions. (correct)
  • Serologic testing for antibodies.

    • What percentage of women are seropositive for antibodies against HSV-2 by the age of 40?

    <p>Roughly 30%.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What severe consequence can result from neonatal HSV infection?

    <p>Blindness and seizures in the neonate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?

    <p>Impaired blood flow to the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is most characteristic of prerenal acute kidney injury?

    <p>Oliguria and high urine specific gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Sepsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential outcome if postrenal acute kidney injury persists for an extended period?

    <p>Progression to intrinsic acute kidney injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a cause of prerenal acute kidney injury?

    <p>Nephron damage from acute tubular necrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors increases the risk of prolonged prerenal acute kidney injury leading to intrinsic damage?

    <p>Use of NSAIDs in older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In intrinsic acute kidney injury, which part of the kidney is directly affected?

    <p>The tubular structures due to ischemia or toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

    <p>Ischemia or toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathophysiologic process contributes to the tubular injury in acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Tubular epithelial cell injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of acute tubular necrosis is urine output usually at its lowest?

    <p>Oliguric/Maintenance phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the prodromal/initiation phase of acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Severe fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically happens during the post-oliguric/recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Azotemia continues despite increased urine volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect does decreased GFR in acute tubular necrosis have on the kidneys?

    <p>Increased NaCl delivery to the macula densa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might prolonged injury from acute tubular necrosis ultimately lead to?

    <p>End-stage renal disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical duration of the oliguric/maintenance phase of acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Up to 8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is directly linked to the vascular component of acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Decreased renal blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of heavy proteinuria in relation to serum albumin?

    <p>Excessive fluid retention in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological process is activated as a result of decreased circulating volume due to hypoalbuminemia?

    <p>Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the edema associated with hypoalbuminemia?

    <p>Soft and pitting swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a direct consequence of decreased intravascular colloid osmotic pressure?

    <p>Edema formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyelonephritis is primarily caused by which type of infection?

    <p>Ascending urinary tract infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is most commonly responsible for causing pyelonephritis?

    <p>Escherichia coli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor contributes to the development of generalized edema in hypoalbuminemia?

    <p>Compensatory secretion of aldosterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between hydrostatic pressure and albumin levels in the blood vessels?

    <p>Decreased albumin increases hydrostatic pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows uropathogenic bacteria to cause urinary tract infections?

    <p>Substances that promote binding to epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does serum albumin play in maintaining vascular function?

    <p>Maintains colloid osmotic pressure within the vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Elementary Body (EB) in C.trachomatis infections?

    <p>It is the infectious but metabolically inactive form that enters host cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protein is injected into host cells by C.trachomatis Elementary Bodies to facilitate infection?

    <p>TARP protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with C.trachomatis infections?

    <p>Acute renal failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key defining characteristic of lymphogranuloma venereum caused by C.trachomatis?

    <p>It often starts with a painless genital papule or ulcer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method for diagnosing C.trachomatis urethritis?

    <p>Amplified nucleic acid tests on genital swabs or urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regions has a higher endemic prevalence of lymphogranuloma venereum?

    <p>Asia and Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the tertiary phase of untreated lymphogranuloma venereum infection?

    <p>Fibrosis and strictures develop in the anogenital tract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fact about C.trachomatis urethritis in men is true?

    <p>It may go untreated due to being asymptomatic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of untreated C.trachomatis infection in women?

    <p>Rectal strictures are particularly common.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism through which C.trachomatis releases new EBs from host cells?

    <p>Cell lysis or extrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary genetic defect associated with the most common condition leading to end-stage renal disease in childhood?

    <p>PKD2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What imaging technique is most commonly used to diagnose renal issues in neonates and children?

    <p>Ultrasonography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is least likely to be present in the early stages of renal insufficiency associated with cystic kidney diseases?

    <p>Severe abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), what percentage of men over age 50 is typically affected?

    <p>70% to 80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common systemic finding in patients with renal cystic disease?

    <p>Cysts in the spleen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia, which of the following symptoms generally develops first?

    <p>Frequent urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication associated with end-stage renal disease due to renal cystic diseases?

    <p>Uremic syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of anovulation in dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

    <p>Excessive endometrial thickening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which complication is most commonly associated with pelvic floor dysfunction?

    <p>Recurrent urinary tract infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of dysfunctional uterine bleeding observed in adolescents?

    <p>Immaturity in pituitary and ovarian functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the grading classification of pelvic organ prolapse?

    <p>Based on the degree of rectal wall protrusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of menarche and menopause is most likely to contribute to dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

    <p>Early menstruation without ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is most likely to develop Wilms tumor?

    <p>Between 2 and 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common manifestation of Wilms tumor that may also lead to systemic complications?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enuresis is characterized by a child who has never achieved bladder control?

    <p>Primary nocturnal enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can lead to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) due to the degradation of the basement membrane?

    <p>Acute glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of primary nocturnal enuresis?

    <p>Vasopressin deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential outcome of untreated acute glomerulonephritis over time?

    <p>Chronic glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is typically associated with bilateral Wilms tumors in children?

    <p>Germline mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of glomerulonephritis is characterized by ongoing fibrotic changes and small nonfunctional kidneys?

    <p>Chronic glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of enuresis occurs after a period of dryness for at least 6 months?

    <p>Secondary enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following risk factors is associated with the formation of urinary calculi?

    <p>Chronic hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of urinary stone?

    <p>Calcium stones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is associated with nephrolithiasis?

    <p>Unilateral flank pain and colic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What urinary pH change is commonly associated with the presence of renal calculi?

    <p>Increased acidity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging technique is considered the gold standard for diagnosing renal calculi?

    <p>Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Familial breast cancer is linked to what percentage of breast cancer cases?

    <p>25% to 33%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of individuals will experience urolithiasis at some point in their lives in the United States?

    <p>5% to 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT typically influence the formation of urinary calculi?

    <p>Increased urine flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor may contribute to the risk of developing urinary stones?

    <p>Low fluid intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifetime risk of breast cancer for women in the United States by age 90?

    <p>1 in 8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary change in vaginal flora leads to the development of bacterial vaginosis (BV)?

    <p>Diminished presence of Lactobacilli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is most characteristic of bacterial vaginosis?

    <p>Malodorous fishy smell with green-gray discharge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed through microscopy?

    <p>Presence of clue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Amine ('Whiff') Test in the diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis?

    <p>It releases a fishy odor when KOH is added</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which serotype of Herpes Simplex Virus is primarily associated with genital infections?

    <p>HSV-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant risk associated with bacterial vaginosis in pregnant patients?

    <p>Increased risk of premature labor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is often found in co-infection with Gardnerella vaginalis in cases of bacterial vaginosis?

    <p>Anaerobic peptostreptococci</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specifically about the environment allows for the overgrowth of Gardnerella vaginalis in bacterial vaginosis?

    <p>Shift to anaerobic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of Herpes Simplex Virus infections affects its contagiousness?

    <p>Active infection with vesicles and ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is NOT typically involved in diagnosing bacterial vaginosis?

    <p>Urinalysis for glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gene mutations are primarily responsible for familial breast cancer cases?

    <p>BRCA1 and BRCA2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which breast cancer subtype is overexpression of the HER2 receptor commonly due to gene amplification?

    <p>HER2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most significant risk factor for sporadic breast cancer in women?

    <p>Estrogenic stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which clinical manifestation is NOT typically associated with malignant breast tumors?

    <p>Benign cyst formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is definitive for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)?

    <p>Defective DNA repair mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main clinical manifestation of nephritic syndrome related to glomerular inflammation?

    <p>Oliguria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause nephritic syndrome?

    <p>Proliferative lupus glomerulonephritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What pathophysiological change occurs in nephrotic syndrome that leads to proteinuria?

    <p>Increased permeability of the glomerular membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What electrolyte imbalance is most commonly observed during the recovery phase of acute tubular necrosis?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk associated with nephritic syndrome due to the inflammatory process?

    <p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nephrotic syndrome, which complication arises from the loss of significant protein in the urine?

    <p>Hypoalbuminemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological feature is associated with the proliferative changes in nephritic syndrome?

    <p>Leukocyte infiltration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of chronic pyelonephritis?

    <p>It is a complex disorder with multiple predisposing factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hallmark feature is observed in acute pyelonephritis?

    <p>Unilateral involvement of renal parenchyma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Escherichia coli play in urinary tract infections?

    <p>It is responsible for over 85% of urinary tract infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which risk factor increases susceptibility to pyelonephritis?

    <p>Instrumental procedures such as catheterization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical clinical manifestation of acute pyelonephritis?

    <p>Sudden onset of fever and chills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to repeated episodes of acute pyelonephritis?

    <p>Vesicoureteral reflux.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bacteria protect themselves from phagocytosis?

    <p>By forming biofilms that shield them from immune cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What complication can arise from untreated renal infections?

    <p>Development of chronic kidney disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the common clinical features of pyelonephritis?

    <p>High fever, chills, and flank pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is characteristic of acute prostatitis?

    <p>Swollen prostate on rectal exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common risk factor associated with renal cell carcinoma?

    <p>Exposure to asbestos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological type is most commonly associated with renal cell carcinoma?

    <p>Clear cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the condition where symptoms of prostatitis are present without evidence of infection?

    <p>Prostatodynia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of Peyronie’s disease?

    <p>Penile curvature and pain during intercourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which demographic is primarily affected by renal cell carcinoma?

    <p>Adults in their sixth and seventh decades</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What histological characteristic is associated with the clear cell subtype of renal tumors?

    <p>Clear cytoplasm with glycogen and lipid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of inflammation is believed to contribute to the fibrosis seen in Peyronie’s disease?

    <p>Organizing sclerosing chronic inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an atypical symptom of chronic prostatitis?

    <p>Severe fever and chills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic test is essential for confirming the type of prostatitis?

    <p>Urinalysis with culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes interstitial cystitis?

    <p>It presents with bladder pain and urinary symptoms for more than six weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical symptom of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)?

    <p>Presence of hematuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about incontinence is true?

    <p>Incontinence indicates any involuntary loss of urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a severe complication associated with interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Chronic mucosal ulcers (Hunner ulcers).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern when diagnosing interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Overlooking signs of bladder cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease inherited?

    <p>It is linked to mutations in the PKHD1 gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is least likely to be associated with interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Proteinuria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the typical cystoscopic findings in interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Bladder inflammation indicated by mucosal edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the late phase of interstitial cystitis?

    <p>Presence of Hunner ulcers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

    • AKI (formerly ARF) is a sudden reduction in kidney function.
    • It causes a buildup of waste products (BUN) and imbalances in fluids, electrolytes, and acidity.
    • Increased serum creatinine and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are indicators.
    • AKI is categorized by pathophysiology: prerenal, postrenal, and intrinsic/intrarenal.

    Causes of AKI

    • Prerenal: Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
      • Causes: Hypovolemia (blood loss, dehydration), decreased cardiac output (heart failure, shock), hepatorenal syndrome, and renal artery stenosis.
    • Postrenal: Obstruction of urine outflow from the kidneys.
      • Causes: Bladder outlet obstruction, tumors, kidney stones, retroperitoneal fibrosis.
    • Intrinsic/Intrarenal: Direct damage to the kidney tissues.
      • Causes: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) (ischemia, nephrotoxins, rhabdomyolysis), acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), glomerular diseases, thrombotic microangiopathy.

    Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)

    • The most common cause of intrinsic AKI.
    • Ischemia (reduced blood flow) or nephrotoxins are the main causes.
    • ATN involves tubular epithelial cell damage, leading to urine flow obstruction and impairment of filtration.

    Clinical Manifestations of AKI

    • Depending on the stage and cause, symptoms can range from decreased urine output to fluid overload, imbalances in electrolytes and acid-base homeostasis, and potentially a complete loss of kidney function.

    Acute Kidney Injury - Prerenal AKI

    • Reduced blood flow to the kidneys.
    • The most common cause is volume depletion.
    • Symptoms include low urine output (oliguria), high urine specific gravity, and low urinary sodium levels.
    • Severe or prolonged prerenal AKI can progress to intrinsic kidney injury.

    Acute Kidney Injury - Intrinsic/Intrarenal AKI

    • Involves damage within the kidneys.
    • Causes include ischemia (sepsis, drugs) or nephrotoxins (contrast media, certain medications).
    • Can cause inflammation, obstruction, or damage in the tubules, glomeruli, interstitium, or vessels.
    • Symptoms may manifest with low GFR (oliguria), increased serum BUN/creatinine, and possibly high potassium levels.

    Acute Kidney Injury - Postrenal AKI

    • Caused by obstruction in the urinary tract.
    • Pressure builds up in the Bowman's capsule, impairing filtration.
    • Leading causes include benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), tumors, kidney stones, and strictures.
    • Symptoms vary based on the obstruction duration.

    Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

    • Progressive loss of kidney function.
    • Multiple underlying conditions may contribute to its onset: chronic glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and diabetes.
    • Loss of nephrons and fibrosis are characteristic of CKD.
    • Symptoms often appear insidiously, ranging from fatigue, nausea, and edema to severe uremic syndrome.

    Nephrotic Syndrome

    • Increased kidney permeability to proteins (due to damage to the glomeruli).
    • Often caused by diabetes.
    • Major features include massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.
    • Hyperlipidemia may also occur.

    Nephritic Syndrome

    • Inflammatory damage to the glomeruli.
    • Characterized by hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, and hypertension.
    • Causes can include post-infectious glomerulonephritis (most common cause is strep infections), lupus nephritis, and other conditions.

    Pyelonephritis

    • Inflammation of the tubules, interstitium, and renal pelvis of the kidney.
    • Usually caused by an ascending bacterial infection.
    • Often linked to urinary tract infections (UTIs)
    • Main associated organisms are E. coli.

    Interstitial Cystitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome

    • Recurrent pain in the bladder region without inflammation.
    • Typical symptoms include pelvic pain, frequency, urgency, and hematuria.
    • Diagnosis is often challenging as there are no definitive tests.

    Autoimmune Renal Diseases (ADPKD & ARPKD)

    • Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

      • A hereditary disorder of multiple cysts in both kidneys, leading to eventual kidney failure.

    • Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

      • Usually appears in infants or young children; cystic changes present in kidney's collecting ducts and liver's portal ducts.

    Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

    • A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland.
    • Common in elderly men.
    • Causes urinary obstruction because of prostate enlargement, leading to urinary symptoms.

    Testicular Torsion

    • Twisting of the spermatic cord.
    • Cuts off blood supply to the testicle.
    • Extremely painful and potentially damaging.

    Epididymitis

    • Inflammation of the epididymis (a tube that stores and transports sperm).
    • Often associated with urinary tract infections including those from sexually transmitted infections (STIs).
    • The most common causes of epididymitis in men <35 are C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae (STIs); older men more likely to have E. coli, Psuedomonas or other UTI pathogens.

    Phimosis & Paraphimosis

    • Phimosis: Inability to retract foreskin over the glans.
    • Paraphimosis: Foreskin that cannot be moved back to its normal position over the glans.
    • Often arise due to inflammatory causes and frequently lead to secondary infections.

    Prostate Disorders (prostatitis)

    • Inflammation of the prostate gland.
    • Acute viral or bacterial prostatitis may cause pain in the perineum, groin and back, with fever or other systemic symptoms.

    Testicular Cancer

    • A cancer most common in younger individuals.
    • Occurs in the scrotum or testes.
    • Presents as a painless lump or pain in the testicle.

    Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)

    • A child or infant cancer.
    • Found in the kidney
    • Common childhood renal malignancy.

    Nocturnal Enuresis

    • Occurs in children.
    • Incontinence of urine during sleep
    • Due to impaired bladder control mechanisms, possible inappropriate activity of the detrusor muscle, or immaturity of arousal mechanisms.

    Glomerulonephritis (Acute and Chronic)

    • Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)
      • Immune response triggers inflammation of glomeruli.
      • Usually associated with strep infections.
      • Key features include hematuria, proteinuria, oliguria, and elevated blood pressure.
    • Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
      • Results from prolonged inflammatory damage and sclerosis in glomeruli.
      • Leads to reduced glomerular filtration and progressive kidney damage.
      • Associated with an increasing number of risk factors for end-stage kidney dysfunction

    Prostatitis

    • Inflammation of the prostate gland.
    • May be of viral or bacterial origin
    • Causes pain in the perineal region, groin, and lower back, with possible fever and other systemic symptoms. Often mistaken for urinary tract infections.

    Peyronie's Disease

    • Fibrosis of the penis that leads to curvature.
    • Typically appears as thickened plaque-like areas in the tunica albuginea of the penis.
    • Often painful, can affect erectile function.
    • Not cancerous, but results in curvature and pain during erection.

    Renal Cell Carcinoma

    • Most common kidney cancer in adults.
    • Frequently arises in the proximal tubules.
    • Characterized by a variety of forms: clear cell, papillary, and chromophobe.
    • Associated with various risk factors: smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol use, and hypertension..
    • Presents typically with flank pain, hematuria, and an easily palpable mass.

    Glomerulopathies

    • Diseases involving the glomerulus causing damage to its structure and function.
    • Account for a significant portion of end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
    • Often characterized by varying degree of proteinuria.

    Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)

    • Incompetence of the valve at the ureter and bladder junction.
    • Urine flows back into the ureters or renal pelvis.
    • Leading cause of recurrent pyelonephritis and kidney damage.

    Urinary Tract Obstruction (Obstructive Uropathy)

    • Blockage of urine flow in the urinary tract.
    • Can lead to hydronephrosis (kidney dilation) and kidney damage.
    • Causes include stones, tumors, prostatic hypertrophy, and congenital abnormalities.

    Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)

    • An imbalance in normal vaginal flora.
    • Characterized by a thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge with a characteristic "fishy" odor.
    • Commonly associated with multiple bacterial species and poor vaginal pH regulation.

    Chlamydia Trachomatis

    • A bacterial STI.
    • Can manifest asymptomatically in both men and women.
    • Can lead to various complications: urethritis, epididymitis, proctitis, and potentially pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women.

    Gardnerella Vaginalis

    • A bacteria.
    • High association with BV (bacterial vaginosis).
    • Leads to abnormal grayish-white discharge, often with a fishy odor.

    Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

    • A viral STI.
    • Typically causes either oral or genital lesions.
    • Characterized by painful vesicles or ulcers.

    Condylomas (Genital Warts)

    • Caused mainly by types 6 and 11 of human papillomavirus (HPV).
    • Often appear as soft, fleshy, or skin-colored growths in the genital or anal areas.
    • Can be transmitted sexually and may resolve spontaneously in many cases.

    Rectocele

    • Prolapse of rectal tissue into the vagina.
    • May result from childbirth injuries or other factors weakening pelvic floor support.
    • Characterized by difficulty with bowel function, and potentially fecal incontinence.

    Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)

    • Abnormal uterine bleeding unrelated to pregnancy or any anatomical or inflammatory abnormality.
    • Often results from hormonal imbalances such as anovulation or hormonal disruptions.
    • Related to impaired hormonal regulation of the endometrium.

    Endometriosis

    • Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus.
    • Leads often to pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea.
    • May result in significant inflammatory process and adhesions.
    • Potential complications include infertility.

    Endometrial Hyperplasia

    • Abnormal proliferation of endometrial tissue, which may be triggered by prolonged, unopposed estrogen stimulation.
    • May progress to endometrial cancer, but usually remains benign.

    Endometrial Carcinoma

    • Most common invasive cancer of the uterine lining in postmenopausal women.
    • Often associated with unopposed estrogen stimulation and high levels of circulating estrogen.
    • Cancers that arise here frequently arise from hyperplasia that has atypical cellular changes.
    • May progress through multiple stages of hyperplasia before progressing to cancer.

    Cervical Carcinoma

    • HPV (human papillomavirus) is a strong risk factor in many cases.
    • Often diagnosed as hyperplasia that has atypical cellular changes.
    • Usually takes a long period of development and multiple stages of dysplasia and carcinoma in situ to progress to cancer.
    • Can present through abnormal bleeding, especially post-coital bleeding.
    • Requires ongoing screening tests and monitoring.

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    Exam 6 Worksheet - Renal & Male GU PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on herpes simplex virus (HSV) implications and acute kidney injury conditions. This quiz covers the consequences of HSV latency, indicators of primary HSV infection during childbirth, and various aspects of kidney injury. Assess your understanding of these significant medical topics.

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