Microbiology BIOL333 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the coarse adjustment knob on a compound microscope?

  • To adjust the fine focus
  • To change the magnification levels
  • To improve focus at low powers (correct)
  • To adjust the light source

Advanced compound microscopes do not require any external light source.

True (A)

What are the three types of magnification available on a microscope?

Scanning, Low, and High

The total magnification of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the ocular magnification by the __________ magnification.

<p>objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microscope types with their characteristics:

<p>Scanning Electron Microscope = High-resolution imaging of surface structures Transmission Electron Microscope = Internal structure analysis at high magnification Compound Microscope = Light microscope with multiple lenses Simple Microscope = Single lens for basic magnification</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major roles of microbes in waste management?

<p>Digest a wide variety of organic material present in wastes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Non-pathogenic microbes can be harmful.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of gas is primarily produced by certain microbes during their metabolic processes?

<p>methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microorganisms can assist in the manufacturing of _____ used in food products.

<p>ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following microorganisms with their respective roles:

<p>Escherichia coli = Pathogen Purple sulphur bacteria = Photosynthesis Tempeh = Prevent spoilage Cellulase = Industrial application</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is NOT associated with microbes in food manufacturing?

<p>Digestion of plastics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microbes can contribute to bioremediation efforts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one beneficial interaction between microbial communities.

<p>cooperative feeding efforts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism produces organic compounds primarily?

<p>Fungi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molds and mushrooms are unicellular organisms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total magnification formula used in microscopes?

<p>objective lens x ocular lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lens ability to distinguish two points is known as the ______.

<p>resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope uses immersion oil to reduce light refraction?

<p>Compound light microscope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of microscopy with their descriptions:

<p>Compound light microscopy = Uses light and lenses to magnify objects Darkfield microscopy = Produces a bright image on a dark background Phase-contrast microscopy = Enhances contrast in transparent specimens Fluorescence microscopy = Uses fluorescent markers to visualize structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

A light microscope uses only one type of lens to magnify objects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the refractive index?

<p>The light bending ability of a medium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope uses electrons to scan the surface of specimens?

<p>Scanning Electron Microscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The eyepiece of a microscope is fixed and cannot be changed for different magnifications.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of specimens might be used with a Transmission Electron Microscope?

<p>Very thin specimens stained with heavy metal salts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The total magnification of a microscope is determined by multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece and the ________.

<p>objective lenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the parts of a microscope with their functions:

<p>Eyepiece = Observing specimen with adjustable magnification Objective Lenses = Primary lenses with various magnifications Stage = Platform for placing specimens Diaphragm = Controls light reaching the specimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common magnification does the eyepiece of a microscope have?

<p>10X (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stage clips are used to hold the slide in place on the stage.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the diaphragm in a microscope?

<p>To control the amount of light that reaches the specimen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total magnification when using a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective lens?

<p>400x (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Francesco Redi demonstrated that spontaneous generation occurs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first person to observe microorganisms?

<p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek</p> Signup and view all the answers

Robert Hooke published a book called ______, which featured drawings of biological materials.

<p>Micrographia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their contributions:

<p>Francesco Redi = Refuted spontaneous generation Robert Hooke = Published Micrographia Anton van Leeuwenhoek = First to observe microorganisms Theodor Schwann = Developed cell theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which magnification corresponds to the Low Power field of a microscope?

<p>10x (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scanning magnification is 10x.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Hans and Zacharias Janssen create the first compound microscope?

<p>1590</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who constructed the first electron microscope?

<p>Ernst Ruska (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks proved that microorganisms can arise by spontaneous generation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant development did Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe contribute to microscopy?

<p>They pioneered the development of immersion lenses and apochromatic lenses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Staining that uses more than one stain to distinguish different features of microorganisms is called __________.

<p>differential stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of stains with their descriptions:

<p>Gram stain = Distinguishes between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria Acid-fast stain = Identifies bacteria with a waxy cell wall Negative stain = Stains the background instead of the microbe Simple stain = Uses one dye to color all cells uniformly</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a smear in microbiology?

<p>A thin film of a microbe solution on a slide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gram-negative bacteria are more susceptible to penicillin compared to Gram-positive bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a mordant in staining?

<p>To hold the stain or to coat the specimen to enlarge it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cationic chromophore in a basic dye is __________ charged.

<p>positively</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is used to fix microbes to a slide?

<p>Heat fixation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Waste Decomposers

Organisms that can break down organic waste effectively and without producing unpleasant smells.

Pathogenic Microbes

Microbes that cause diseases.

Biofilm

A community of microbes living in a specific area, often attached to a surface.

Methane Production

A form of energy production that involves breaking down organic matter to produce methane gas.

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Bioremediation

The process of using microbes to clean up pollution.

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Scientific Names

A scientific naming system used for organisms, where the genus is capitalized and the specific epithet is lowercase.

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Fermentation in Food

The process of using microbes to produce fermented foods like yogurt, cheese, and bread.

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Photosynthesis in Microbes

The ability of microbes to perform photosynthesis and fix carbon dioxide for their growth and energy production.

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Amoeba

A single-celled eukaryotic organism that produces its own food through the breakdown of organic molecules like sugars.

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Fungi

A group of organisms that includes molds, mushrooms and yeasts. They are eukaryotic and have chitin cell walls. They obtain their energy through the breakdown of organic materials.

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Light Microscope

A type of microscope that uses light to magnify objects. It uses a combination of lenses to magnify the image.

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Resolution

The ability of a lens to distinguish between two closely spaced objects. This is measured in nanometers.

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Refractive Index

The bending of light as it passes from one medium to another. This is a key property that affects how light interacts with objects.

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Immersion oil

A type of light microscope that uses a special oil between the objective lens and the specimen to reduce light bending and improve image clarity.

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Compound Light Microscope

A simple light microscope that uses two lenses to magnify objects. The objective lens magnifies the object, and the ocular lens magnifies the image created by the objective lens.

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Total Magnification

The total magnification of a compound light microscope is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the ocular lens.

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Illuminator

A specialized light source used in some advanced compound microscopes.

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Fine Adjustment Knob

A knob used for fine adjustments to focus the microscope lenses, often used with higher magnification.

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Coarse Adjustment Knob

A knob used for larger adjustments to focus the microscope lenses, usually for lower magnification.

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Ocular Lens

The lens you look through on a microscope, typically has a fixed magnification.

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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A microscope that uses electrons to magnify objects up to two million times. It scans the surface of the specimen.

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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A microscope that uses electrons to magnify objects. It passes electrons through a very thin specimen, revealing its internal structure.

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Eyepiece

The part of a microscope that you look through to view the specimen. It typically has a magnification of 10x.

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Objective Lenses

The lenses located near the specimen that magnify it. Different objectives provide different magnifications (4x, 10x, 40x, etc.).

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Stage

The platform where you place the specimen to be viewed. It often has a hole to allow light to pass through the specimen.

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Stage Clips

Two clips on the stage that hold the slide in place while you view the specimen.

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Diaphragm

A device located beneath the stage, used to adjust the amount of light that passes through the specimen. This helps control the brightness and contrast of view.

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Specimen

The stained, prepared specimen being viewed under the microscope. It can be a thin slice, a smear, or a cultured sample.

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Compound Microscope

A type of microscopy that uses two lenses: an objective lens and an eyepiece, each magnifying the image.

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Francesco Redi

A 17th-century Italian physician who refuted the idea of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that flies breed maggots, not that meat magically produces them.

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Spontaneous Generation

The idea that living organisms can arise from non-living matter, which was disproven by experiments like Redi's.

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Cell Theory

A theory that states that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, and the cell is the fundamental unit of life.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A Dutch lens grinder who, in the 17th century, is credited with the first observations of microorganisms using improved microscopes.

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Micrographia

A scientific publication by Robert Hooke in 1660, containing detailed drawings and observations of biological materials made with advanced microscopy.

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Who was Louis Pasteur?

A microbiologist known for his experiments (swan-necked flasks) that disproved spontaneous generation.

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What is the difference between a simple microscope and a compound microscope?

A simple microscope uses only one lens, while a compound microscope uses two or more lenses to magnify the object.

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What is staining?

Using a dye to color a microbe and emphasize its structure.

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What is a smear?

A smear is a thin film of a microbe solution on a slide, fixed to attach and kill microbes.

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What is a simple stain?

This type of staining uses only one dye. It helps visualize the basic morphology (shape) of a microbe.

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What is a differential stain?

This staining technique uses multiple dyes to distinguish between different types of microbes.

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What is the Gram stain?

The Gram stain is a differential staining technique used to classify bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative.

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What is a special stain?

Used to distinguish special parts of microbes, such as capsules, endospores, and flagella.

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What is a basic dye?

A basic dye has a positively charged chromophore that binds to negatively charged components of the microbe, staining the microbe itself.

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What is an acidic dye?

An acidic dye has a negatively charged chromophore that is repelled by the microbe, staining the background.

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Study Notes

Microbiology BIOL333

  • Course Information:
    • Professor: Dr. Rana El Hajj
    • Email: [email protected]
    • Attendance is mandatory
    • Assessment 1 (Midterm): 30% of final grade
    • Assessment 2 (Presentations): 20% of final grade

Topics in the Assignment

  • Bacterial Interactions: An application on bacterial interactions in the environment; including quorum sensing.
  • Pathogenic Bacteria: An application on a pathogenic bacterium in the human body; and its virulence factors.
  • Hand Sanitizers: How do they kill microbes? Are they safe?
  • Pasteurization: Pasteurization of milk, types of bacteria killed, types remaining.
  • Biofilms: Biofilms in Hospitals, examples, and effects on health.
  • Cholera: Cholera updates
  • Bioremediation: Principle and an application about it.

Introduction to the Microbial World

  • Classification: Organisms were previously classified into animal or plant kingdoms.
  • Woese's System: Carl Woese developed a new classification system based on molecular and cellular characteristics.
  • Domains: Three domains:
    • Eubacteria: Bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls
    • Archaea: Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan cell walls
    • Eucarya: Organism in the kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

What is Microbiology?

  • Definition: The study of microorganisms (usually less than 1 mm in diameter) and their activities.
  • Excluded Entities: Viruses, viroids, and prions are not considered organisms.
  • Prokaryotes: Bacteria and archaea
  • Eukaryotes: Algae, fungi, and protozoa

Microbiology Themes

  • Basic Microbiology: Disease-related (etiology, epidemiology, infection control), environmentally-related and industrially-related
  • Applied Microbiology: By organism, by process (microbes and their roles)

Measurement Units

  • Units of Measurement: Includes nanometers (nm), micrometers (µm), millimeters (mm).

Comparison of Domains

  • Bacteria, Archaea, and Eucarya: Comparison based on size, nuclear membrane, cell wall composition, and cytoplasmic structures (mitochondria, chloroplasts, and cytoskeleton).

Eukaryotic Members

  • Algae, Fungi and Protozoa: A comparison of the various types within these groupings based on cell organization, energy source, and size; a breakdown of species within the groups.

History of Microbiology

  • Early Discoveries: Robert Hooke described fungi and protozoa. Antony van Leeuwenhoek observed bacteria and yeast, and created powerful microscopes with limited resolution.
  • Spontaneous Generation: Italian naturalist Spallanzani provided evidence that life does not spontaneously arise.
  • Germ Theory: Pasteur provided strong arguments with his 'swan-necked flask' experiments.
  • Koch's Postulates: A set of criteria to link a microbe to a specific disease.
  • Other discoveries: The discovery of viruses, antibiotics and the development of other laboratory techniques and procedures.

Microbiology and the Lab

  • Koch's Postulates: Steps for identifying diseases and their causes (description and detailed diagram)
  • Microbial Laboratory Techniques: Techniques for staining, culturing, and working with pure cultures, and the importance of aseptic techniques.
  • Microbial Growth Media: Use of culture media to grow microbes in the lab.

Microorganisms and Food

  • Food Preservation: How microorganisms can be used to preserve foods (e.g., tempeh).
  • Food Manufacture: How microorganisms assist in food manufacturing (e.g., cheese, bread.)
  • Energy: How microorganisms are involved in energy production (e.g., methane production).
  • Environmental Applications: Use in water treatment and waste management.

Microbes and Disease

  • Microbial Diseases: Overview of how some microbes cause diseases.

Naming and Classifying Microorganisms

  • Scientific Names: The binomial system of nomenclature (e.g., Escherichia coli).
  • Classification Levels: Hierarchical levels from domain to species, focusing on microbial types.

Types of Eukaryotes

  • Protozoa: Unicellular organisms, gaining energy through absorption or ingestion of organic chemicals. They can move using pseudopods, cilia, or flagella.
  • Algae: Unicellular or multicellular organisms, performing photosynthesis, and have cellulose cell walls
  • Fungi: Eukaryotic, obtaining energy through organic chemicals; molds and mushrooms are multicellular.
  • Multicellular Animal parasites: Like flatworms and roundworms.

Microscopy

  • Compound Light Microscope: Magnification techniques, resolution, contrast, refractive index, and immersion oil use.
  • Types of Microscopes: Light, stereoscopic, SEM, and TEM microscopes; advantages and disadvantages of each
  • Parts of a Microscope: Detailed descriptions of different parts, their functions, and how they work together.
  • Types of Stains: Gram staining, Acid-fast stain, and differential stains - descriptions, procedures and uses.

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BIOL333 Microbiology Past Paper PDF

Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in Microbiology BIOL333, covering topics such as bacterial interactions, pathogenic bacteria, and bioremediation. This quiz will assess your knowledge of microbial classification, the effects of hand sanitizers, and more, helping you prepare for your assessments. Be ready to dive deep into the microbial world!

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