Biology Chapter 1: Organisms and Diseases

Bacteria = Prokaryotic, unicellular Archaea = Prokaryotic, unicellular Fungi = Eukaryotic, unicellular or multicellular Viruses = Non-cellular, protein + nucleic acid

Mutualism = Host and Microbe benefit Commensalism = Host unaffected, Microbe benefits Parasitism = Host hurt, Microbe benefits Opportunistic Pathogens = Prey on weak host

Endemic diseases = Occurring in a specific community Sporadic diseases = Occurring without concentration Pandemics = Internationally occurring Emerging diseases = New or re-populating disease

<p>Leeuwenhoek = Microscope Pasteur = Swan neck flasks, disproved abiogenesis Koch = Four postulates of disease Jenner = Smallpox vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds = Sharing of electrons Ionic bonds = Losing or gaining electrons Hydrogen bonds = Weak polar bond between hydrogen and a molecule Nonpolar covalent bonds = Equal sharing of electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis = A + B = AB Decomposition = AB = A + B Exchange = AB + CD = AD + CB Hydrolysis = Breaking down bonds with water</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydroxyl = OH, often found in carbohydrates Carboxyl = Found in fatty acids, proteins, and organic acids Amino = Found in proteins and nucleic acids Phosphate = Found in DNA, RNA, and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbohydrates = Monosaccharides Lipids = Glycerol and fatty acids Proteins = Amino acids Nucleic acids = Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Monosaccharides = Glucose, galactose, fructose Disaccharides = Maltose, lactose, sucrose Polysaccharides = Cellulose, glycogen, starch</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cell wall = Provides structural support and protection, composed of peptidoglycan in most bacteria Plasma membrane = A phospholipid bilayer that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell Nucleoid = The region within the cytoplasm where the bacterial chromosome is located Plasmids = Small, circular DNA molecules that replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triglycerides = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Fatty acids = Saturated (single bonds) or unsaturated (double bonds) Phospholipids = 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group Steroids = Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coccus = Sphere-shaped Bacillus = Rod-shaped Spirilla = Spiral-shaped Vibrio = Comma-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleus = Contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls cellular activities Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) = A network of membranes involved in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and other processes Golgi apparatus = Modifies and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles Lysosomes = Organelles responsible for intracellular digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple stain = Used to visualize the shape, size, and arrangement of bacteria Negative stain = Used to stain the background, highlighting the bacteria's shape and capsule Acid-fast stain = Used to identify bacteria with a waxy cell wall, such as Mycobacteria Structural stain = Used to visualize specific structures, such as capsules or flagella</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liquid media = Contains no agar and allows for the growth of bacteria in a liquid environment Semi-solid media = Contains a low concentration of agar, creating a semi-solid consistency for studying bacterial motility General media = Supports the growth of a wide range of bacteria Enriched media = Contains additional nutrients to support the growth of fastidious bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis = The process by which cells take in material from their surroundings Phagocytosis = The engulfment of solid particles by cells Pinocytosis = The uptake of fluid by cells Exocytosis = The process by which cells release material from their interior</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-negative bacteria = Have a thin layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane Gram-positive bacteria = Have a thick layer of peptidoglycan and lack an outer membrane Mycobacteria = Have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan and mycolic acids Mycoplasmas = Lack a cell wall and have a plasma membrane that is resistant to lysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cilia = Short, hair-like projections that aid in feeding or locomotion Flagella = Long, whip-like structures that propel bacteria Endospores = Resistant structures formed by some bacteria to survive harsh conditions Ribosomes = Organelles responsible for protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unicellular organisms without a nucleus, such as bacteria and archaea.

Organisms with a nucleus, can be unicellular or multicellular, like protists and fungi.

A type of symbiosis where both host and microbe benefit.

A symbiotic relationship where the microbe benefits and the host is unaffected.

A relationship where the microbe benefits at the host's expense, causing harm.

Non-cellular entities made of protein and nucleic acid that can infect living cells.

Infectious agents composed entirely of protein, can cause disease.

Set of criteria to establish a microbe as the cause of a disease.

The theory that life can arise from non-living matter.

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, pH less than 7.

Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

Fatty substances that include triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

A protective layer that maintains cell shape and prevents lysis in a hypotonic solution.

Tail-like structures that provide motility to bacteria.

Communities of microorganisms embedded in a matrix, can be harmful like dental plaque.

The susceptibility of bacteria to penicillin due to cell wall structure.

Small circular DNA that replicate independently of chromosomes in bacteria.

Network providing shape and support in cells, made of actin filaments.

The process of a cell taking in materials by engulfing them in a membrane.

The organelle responsible for ATP production and energy metabolism in cells.

A staining technique that colors the background but leaves the specimen clear.

Endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis.

Growth medium that allows only certain types of bacteria to grow.