Questions and Answers
A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a(n) ______.
antigen
Acquired specific immunity involves the response of
The embryonic yolk sac, the liver, and the bone marrow are sites where
The antibody-secreting progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called
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Helper T cells
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Plasma cells
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Lymphocyte maturation involves
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What type of cells secrete antibodies?
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Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions
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The major histocompatibility complex is
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The histocompatibility complex proteins function in
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MHC molecules are found on all of the following cells except ______.
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Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development?
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The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ______.
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Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ______.
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Which of the following is not a property of B cells?
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Antigen presenting cells
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Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule, thereby disrupting their activity?
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Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?
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Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?
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The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ______.
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The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is ______.
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The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ______.
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All of the following are characteristics of IgM except
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Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?
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The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B cells is/are
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The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is ____.
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The most significant cells in graft rejection are
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Specific immunity provides long-lasting protection through the production of ____.
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An example of artificial passive immunity would be
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An example of natural passive immunity would be
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An example of artificial active immunity would be
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An example of natural active immunity would be
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Antibody molecules circulate in lymph, blood, and tissue fluids.
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Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa.
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Activation of B cells can occur when antigen binds to B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.
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Clonal selection requires the presence of foreign antigens.
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After secreting antibodies during an immune response, plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.
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The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.
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The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.
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One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes, but the antibodies will all have the same specificity.
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The secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and robust than the primary response.
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Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity.
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Immunology
- Antigen: A foreign molecule that triggers a specific immune response, recognized by the immune system.
- Acquired Immunity: Involves responses from B and T lymphocytes, as opposed to innate responses from physical barriers.
- Lymphocyte Development: Stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes in sites like the embryonic yolk sac, liver, and bone marrow.
- Plasma Cells: Antibody-secreting cells derived from B-cell clones that play a crucial role in humoral immunity.
- Helper T Cells: Activate B cells and other T cells, promoting an effective immune response.
Immune Mechanisms
- Antibody Function: Plasma cells secrete antibodies that neutralize pathogens, opsonize microbes for phagocytosis, or agglutinate particles.
- MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex): A set of genes coding for proteins essential for self-recognition in the immune system.
- Epitope: The specific part of an antigen that is recognized by a lymphocyte, important for targeting during immune responses.
Immune Cells and Responses
- Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): Include dendritic cells and macrophages that process and present antigens to T cells, enhancing immune activation.
- Complement Fixation: A process in which antibodies initiate a cascade that aids in the destruction of pathogens.
- Neutralization: Antibodies bind to pathogens or toxins, inhibiting their biological activity.
Immunoglobulin Classes
- IgA: Found in mucosal areas, saliva, and other secretions, it serves as a first line of defense.
- IgG: The most abundant antibody class in serum, capable of crossing the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.
- IgE: Binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells, playing a role in allergic reactions.
- IgM: The first antibody class produced in response to an infection; forms pentamers and has high avidity.
Immunity Types
- Active Immunity: Generated through the exposure to antigens, leading to the production of memory cells; can be natural (infection) or artificial (vaccination).
- Passive Immunity: Involves the transfer of antibodies; can be natural (maternal antibodies) or artificial (injection of antibodies).
Clonal Selection and Memory
- Clonal Selection: The process by which specific lymphocytes are activated in response to antigens, leading to proliferation and differentiation.
- Memory Cells: Long-lived cells formed after an immune response, enabling a faster and more robust response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
Distinct Class Properties
- Independence of Antigens and MHC: B cells do not require antigen presentation with MHC proteins for activation, except for T-cell activation.
- IgD and IgM on B Cells: These immunoglobulins serve as receptors on the surface of B cells, crucial for initiating the immune response.
Graft Rejection
- Cytotoxic T Cells: These cells are primarily responsible for the rejection of transplanted tissues by targeting foreign cells.
General Facts
- Antibodies circulate in lymph, blood, and tissue fluids, functioning as key components of the immune system's defense.
- Activation of B cells occurs when antigens bind to their specific surface immunoglobulin receptors, initiating the immune response.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering Chapter 15 of the Bio 150 Microbiology course. Explore topics such as antigens and the immune response involving B and T lymphocytes. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of key concepts in microbiology.