Questions and Answers
A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a(n) ______.
antigen
Acquired specific immunity involves the response of
The embryonic yolk sac, the liver, and the bone marrow are sites where
The antibody-secreting progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called
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Helper T cells
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Plasma cells
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Lymphocyte maturation involves
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What type of cells secrete antibodies?
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Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions
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The major histocompatibility complex is
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The histocompatibility complex proteins function in
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MHC molecules are found on all of the following cells except ______.
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Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development?
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The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ______.
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Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ______.
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Which of the following is not a property of B cells?
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Antigen presenting cells
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Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule, thereby disrupting their activity?
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Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?
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Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?
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The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ______.
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The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is ______.
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The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ______.
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All of the following are characteristics of IgM except
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Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?
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The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B cells is/are
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The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is ____.
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The most significant cells in graft rejection are
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Specific immunity provides long-lasting protection through the production of ____.
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An example of artificial passive immunity would be
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An example of natural passive immunity would be
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An example of artificial active immunity would be
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An example of natural active immunity would be
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Antibody molecules circulate in lymph, blood, and tissue fluids.
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Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa.
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Activation of B cells can occur when antigen binds to B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.
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Clonal selection requires the presence of foreign antigens.
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After secreting antibodies during an immune response, plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.
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The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.
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The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.
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One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes, but the antibodies will all have the same specificity.
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The secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and robust than the primary response.
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Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity.
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Study Notes
Key Concepts in Immunology
- Antigen: A foreign molecule that triggers a specific immune response, recognized by the immune system.
- Acquired Immunity: Involves responses from B and T lymphocytes, as opposed to innate responses from physical barriers.
- Lymphocyte Development: Stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes in sites like the embryonic yolk sac, liver, and bone marrow.
- Plasma Cells: Antibody-secreting cells derived from B-cell clones that play a crucial role in humoral immunity.
- Helper T Cells: Activate B cells and other T cells, promoting an effective immune response.
Immune Mechanisms
- Antibody Function: Plasma cells secrete antibodies that neutralize pathogens, opsonize microbes for phagocytosis, or agglutinate particles.
- MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex): A set of genes coding for proteins essential for self-recognition in the immune system.
- Epitope: The specific part of an antigen that is recognized by a lymphocyte, important for targeting during immune responses.
Immune Cells and Responses
- Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs): Include dendritic cells and macrophages that process and present antigens to T cells, enhancing immune activation.
- Complement Fixation: A process in which antibodies initiate a cascade that aids in the destruction of pathogens.
- Neutralization: Antibodies bind to pathogens or toxins, inhibiting their biological activity.
Immunoglobulin Classes
- IgA: Found in mucosal areas, saliva, and other secretions, it serves as a first line of defense.
- IgG: The most abundant antibody class in serum, capable of crossing the placenta, providing passive immunity to the fetus.
- IgE: Binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells, playing a role in allergic reactions.
- IgM: The first antibody class produced in response to an infection; forms pentamers and has high avidity.
Immunity Types
- Active Immunity: Generated through the exposure to antigens, leading to the production of memory cells; can be natural (infection) or artificial (vaccination).
- Passive Immunity: Involves the transfer of antibodies; can be natural (maternal antibodies) or artificial (injection of antibodies).
Clonal Selection and Memory
- Clonal Selection: The process by which specific lymphocytes are activated in response to antigens, leading to proliferation and differentiation.
- Memory Cells: Long-lived cells formed after an immune response, enabling a faster and more robust response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
Distinct Class Properties
- Independence of Antigens and MHC: B cells do not require antigen presentation with MHC proteins for activation, except for T-cell activation.
- IgD and IgM on B Cells: These immunoglobulins serve as receptors on the surface of B cells, crucial for initiating the immune response.
Graft Rejection
- Cytotoxic T Cells: These cells are primarily responsible for the rejection of transplanted tissues by targeting foreign cells.
General Facts
- Antibodies circulate in lymph, blood, and tissue fluids, functioning as key components of the immune system's defense.
- Activation of B cells occurs when antigens bind to their specific surface immunoglobulin receptors, initiating the immune response.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering Chapter 15 of the Bio 150 Microbiology course. Explore topics such as antigens and the immune response involving B and T lymphocytes. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of key concepts in microbiology.
