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Which of the following best defines an adjuvant?
Which of the following best defines an adjuvant?
What is the primary function of an epitope?
What is the primary function of an epitope?
What are the products of papain and pepsin digestion of IgG?
What are the products of papain and pepsin digestion of IgG?
Which of the following best describes the structure of an antibody molecule?
Which of the following best describes the structure of an antibody molecule?
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Which isotype of antibody is primarily responsible for mucosal immunity?
Which isotype of antibody is primarily responsible for mucosal immunity?
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What are the necessary characteristics that enable an antigen to drive an immune response?
What are the necessary characteristics that enable an antigen to drive an immune response?
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Which molecule is responsible for displaying peptides to T cells?
Which molecule is responsible for displaying peptides to T cells?
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What is the role of adjuvants in enhancing the immune response to an antigen?
What is the role of adjuvants in enhancing the immune response to an antigen?
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What is the term for the portions of an antigen that bind the recognition molecules of the immune system?
What is the term for the portions of an antigen that bind the recognition molecules of the immune system?
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What are haptens?
What are haptens?
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What is the first phase of removal for intravenously injected antigen from the circulation?
What is the first phase of removal for intravenously injected antigen from the circulation?
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What is the role of plasma cells in the adaptive immune response?
What is the role of plasma cells in the adaptive immune response?
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How is the specificity of antibodies determined?
How is the specificity of antibodies determined?
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What determines the specificity of antibodies produced by single B cells?
What determines the specificity of antibodies produced by single B cells?
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How many functional V gene segments are there for the heavy chain in B cells?
How many functional V gene segments are there for the heavy chain in B cells?
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What is the modern definition of an antigen?
What is the modern definition of an antigen?
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Which of the following properties makes proteins the best antigens?
Which of the following properties makes proteins the best antigens?
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What type of molecules usually must be conjugated to a larger macromolecule to be antigenic?
What type of molecules usually must be conjugated to a larger macromolecule to be antigenic?
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Which phase involves the distribution of antigen between vascular and the extravascular compartments?
Which phase involves the distribution of antigen between vascular and the extravascular compartments?
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What triggers phagocytosis and allows recognition of the Fc portion of antibodies?
What triggers phagocytosis and allows recognition of the Fc portion of antibodies?
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What is responsible for creating the antigen recognition site through gene segment rearrangements?
What is responsible for creating the antigen recognition site through gene segment rearrangements?
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What mediates the generation of junctional diversity by adding or deleting nucleotides to create a joint?
What mediates the generation of junctional diversity by adding or deleting nucleotides to create a joint?
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What enzyme is responsible for cleaving IgG into 2 Fab and Fc portions?
What enzyme is responsible for cleaving IgG into 2 Fab and Fc portions?
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Which type of variation refers to variations in the variable region, particularly hypervariable region?
Which type of variation refers to variations in the variable region, particularly hypervariable region?
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Which characteristic defines the specificity of an antibody in terms of which antigen it will bind?
Which characteristic defines the specificity of an antibody in terms of which antigen it will bind?
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What does "Isotype" define in terms of antibody function?
What does "Isotype" define in terms of antibody function?
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What is responsible for defining the function of an antibody in terms of its contribution to the immune response?
What is responsible for defining the function of an antibody in terms of its contribution to the immune response?
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What process results in the addition of random nucleotides into the antigen-binding region of the BCR and further modifies the avidity and affinity of antibody molecules?
What process results in the addition of random nucleotides into the antigen-binding region of the BCR and further modifies the avidity and affinity of antibody molecules?
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Which enzyme cleaves the antibody molecule into 3 fragments: 2 identical Fab fragments and one Fc fragment?
Which enzyme cleaves the antibody molecule into 3 fragments: 2 identical Fab fragments and one Fc fragment?
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What do the hypervariable regions within both the VH and VL chains form when the antibody molecule assembles into its three-dimensional structure?
What do the hypervariable regions within both the VH and VL chains form when the antibody molecule assembles into its three-dimensional structure?
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Which enzyme cuts the antibody molecule on the carboxyl-terminal side of the disulfide bonds, producing the F(ab’)2 fragment?
Which enzyme cuts the antibody molecule on the carboxyl-terminal side of the disulfide bonds, producing the F(ab’)2 fragment?
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What determines the effector function of the antibody molecule?
What determines the effector function of the antibody molecule?
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What determines an antibody's tissue distribution and effector function?
What determines an antibody's tissue distribution and effector function?
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What term refers to genetic differences between individuals within a species involving different alleles at a given locus?
What term refers to genetic differences between individuals within a species involving different alleles at a given locus?
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Which region provides the structural framework for the hypervariable regions of an antibody?
Which region provides the structural framework for the hypervariable regions of an antibody?
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What do public idiotypes refer to?
What do public idiotypes refer to?
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What adds additional diversity to the immunoglobulin genes during B cell development?
What adds additional diversity to the immunoglobulin genes during B cell development?
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Which enzyme is involved in enzymatic cleavage of the IgG molecule to yield three fragments?
Which enzyme is involved in enzymatic cleavage of the IgG molecule to yield three fragments?
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Which term refers to variations in the variable domain, particularly in the hypervariable region (CDR) that determine antigen binding specificity?
Which term refers to variations in the variable domain, particularly in the hypervariable region (CDR) that determine antigen binding specificity?
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Which antibody is the 'early' antibody secreted in an immune response?
Which antibody is the 'early' antibody secreted in an immune response?
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What is the main function of IgA antibodies?
What is the main function of IgA antibodies?
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Which antibody subclass can readily cross the human placenta, providing protection for the developing fetus?
Which antibody subclass can readily cross the human placenta, providing protection for the developing fetus?
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Which immunoglobulin binds to high affinity receptors on mast cells and plays a major role in allergic reactions?
Which immunoglobulin binds to high affinity receptors on mast cells and plays a major role in allergic reactions?
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What is the main function of IgE antibodies in triggering mast cells to release their granule contents?
What is the main function of IgE antibodies in triggering mast cells to release their granule contents?
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Which antibody is expressed on the surface of B cells and acts as the B cell receptor for antigen?
Which antibody is expressed on the surface of B cells and acts as the B cell receptor for antigen?
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What influences the activated B cell to switch to a particular antibody isotype?
What influences the activated B cell to switch to a particular antibody isotype?
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Which antibody is the first to be secreted in immune response?
Which antibody is the first to be secreted in immune response?
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What is the main function of IgA?
What is the main function of IgA?
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Where is IgE found bound in tissues?
Where is IgE found bound in tissues?
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What are the characteristics of a typical antigen that provoke an immune response?
What are the characteristics of a typical antigen that provoke an immune response?
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What is the property of an immunogen that differentiates it from an antigen?
What is the property of an immunogen that differentiates it from an antigen?
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What contributes to the immunogenicity of an antigen?
What contributes to the immunogenicity of an antigen?
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Where is IgM found?
Where is IgM found?
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What does IgG trigger?
What does IgG trigger?
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What is the main function of IgD?
What is the main function of IgD?
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Study Notes
- Ross University School of Medicine: overview of student outcomes in Immunology and Medical Microbiology
- Professor Raymond F Adebiyi: topic - Antigen and Antibody: Structure and Function
- Learning objectives: 1-8
Antigens and Immunogens:
- Antigen: a molecule recognized by the immune system, induces an immune response
- Immunogen: an antigen that provokes an immune response
- Immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens
- Antigens vs Immunogens: immunogens are antigens that induce an immune response
- Factors influencing immunogenicity: dose, route
- Adjuvants: chemical substances that enhance immune response to an antigen
- Epitopes: portion of antigen that binds the antigen recognition molecule
Phases of Antigen Elimination:
- Equilibration Phase: distribution of antigen between vascular and extravascular compartments
- Catabolic Phase: elimination of antigen by innate cells
- Immune Elimination Phase: formation of antigen-antibody immune complex
- The appearance of free antibody in serum
Antibody:
- Secreted by B cells
- Immunoglobulin: B cell receptor
- Basic structure: two Fab fragments and one Fc fragment
- Antibodies trigger phagocytosis
- Fc receptors allow recognition of the Fc portion of antibodies
- Generation of antibody diversity: combinatorial and junctional diversity
- Papain and pepsin digestion of IgG: Fab and Fc fragments
Five Isotypes:
- IgM: first antibody secreted, pentamer, bound by J chain, activates classical complement
- IgG: second antibody secreted, monomer, activates classical complement, opsonization, neutralization, ADCC
- IgA: secreted as monomer and dimer, secretory component facilitates transport across epithelium, neutralization
- IgE: secreted as monomer, binds to high affinity Fcε receptors, efficiently triggers degranulation (important in allergy)
- IgD: expressed on surface of naïve B cells, secreted form has no known function
Tissue distribution and biological functions (effector functions) of each class.
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