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Questions and Answers
Who is considered the Father of Bacteriology?
Who is considered the Father of Bacteriology?
What term did Louis Pasteur coin?
What term did Louis Pasteur coin?
What does the theory of Abiogenesis suggest?
What does the theory of Abiogenesis suggest?
Which scientist proved that microbes come from other microbes, discrediting spontaneous generation?
Which scientist proved that microbes come from other microbes, discrediting spontaneous generation?
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Who believed that maggots originated from meat?
Who believed that maggots originated from meat?
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What process did Louis Pasteur invent for sterilization?
What process did Louis Pasteur invent for sterilization?
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What did Francesco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani have in common?
What did Francesco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani have in common?
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Which of the following organisms did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek NOT observe?
Which of the following organisms did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek NOT observe?
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What is a key feature that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
What is a key feature that distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following organisms is classified as a prokaryote?
Which of the following organisms is classified as a prokaryote?
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Which statement about ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is correct?
Which statement about ribosomes in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is correct?
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What structure is absent in prokaryotic cells but found in some eukaryotic cells?
What structure is absent in prokaryotic cells but found in some eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
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Which of the following structures assists in the movement of some prokaryotic organisms?
Which of the following structures assists in the movement of some prokaryotic organisms?
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What is the main difference in size between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
What is the main difference in size between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
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Which of the following statements about cell membranes is true?
Which of the following statements about cell membranes is true?
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What role does microbiology play in the prevention of infectious diseases?
What role does microbiology play in the prevention of infectious diseases?
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What is the primary component of the cell wall in fungal cells?
What is the primary component of the cell wall in fungal cells?
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Which type of eukaryotic organism is characterized as being unicellular and reproducing asexually by budding?
Which type of eukaryotic organism is characterized as being unicellular and reproducing asexually by budding?
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Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes?
Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes?
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What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding genetic material?
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regarding genetic material?
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What is a characteristic feature of viruses?
What is a characteristic feature of viruses?
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Which of the following is involved in the control of infection in hospitals?
Which of the following is involved in the control of infection in hospitals?
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Which of the following is a mode of motility for the Mastigophora group of protozoa?
Which of the following is a mode of motility for the Mastigophora group of protozoa?
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How do archaea differ from bacteria?
How do archaea differ from bacteria?
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Which of the following choices correctly describes the cellular structure of bacteria?
Which of the following choices correctly describes the cellular structure of bacteria?
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What is NOT a function of microbiology knowledge for nurses?
What is NOT a function of microbiology knowledge for nurses?
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What type of fungi is composed of multicellular structures consisting of filaments?
What type of fungi is composed of multicellular structures consisting of filaments?
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Which component is NOT typically found in viruses?
Which component is NOT typically found in viruses?
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Which branch of microbiology primarily studies the immune system?
Which branch of microbiology primarily studies the immune system?
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What type of organisms does microbiology help nurses understand in terms of disease causation?
What type of organisms does microbiology help nurses understand in terms of disease causation?
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What structure in animal cells is responsible for containing a variety of enzymes?
What structure in animal cells is responsible for containing a variety of enzymes?
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Which type of bacteria is characterized as the smallest and lacks a rigid cell wall?
Which type of bacteria is characterized as the smallest and lacks a rigid cell wall?
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Which structure is primarily responsible for the rigidity of the bacterial cell wall?
Which structure is primarily responsible for the rigidity of the bacterial cell wall?
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Which type of bacteria typically appears red or pink when subjected to Gram staining?
Which type of bacteria typically appears red or pink when subjected to Gram staining?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Rickettsiae?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Rickettsiae?
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Which bacterial arrangement is characterized by clusters of cells?
Which bacterial arrangement is characterized by clusters of cells?
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Which type of bacteria includes shape like spirals and is known for its slender form?
Which type of bacteria includes shape like spirals and is known for its slender form?
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What are the two amino sugars that make up the peptidoglycan structure in bacteria?
What are the two amino sugars that make up the peptidoglycan structure in bacteria?
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What is a distinguishing feature of true bacteria when classified by Gram staining?
What is a distinguishing feature of true bacteria when classified by Gram staining?
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Study Notes
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
- Considered the Father of Bacteriology
- First person to observe and record living microbes
- Developed the first single-lens microscope
- Described bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi as "animalcules"
Origin of Life Theories
- Two main hypotheses: Spontaneous generation (abiogenesis) and biogenesis
- Spontaneous generation: living organisms arise spontaneously from non-living matter
- Biogenesis: living organisms arise from pre-existing life
Disproving Spontaneous Generation
- Herodotus believed crocodiles originated from mud
- Van Helmont believed that maggots originated from meat
- Francesco Redi and Lazzaro Spallanzani disproved spontaneous generation through experiments
Louis Pasteur
- Considered the Father of Modern Microbiology
- Coined the terms "microbiology", "aerobic", and "anaerobic".
- Disproved spontaneous generation and proved biogenesis
- Developed pasteurization for sterilization
- Showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation
- Developed vaccines against rabies
- Demonstrated that anthrax is caused by bacteria and produced the vaccine for it
Importance of Microbiology for Nursing
- Nurses are involved in controlling infection in hospitals
- Microbiology provides knowledge for:
- Isolation of causative agents
- Determination of antibiotic sensitivity and drugs for treatment
- Prevention of infectious diseases through vaccines and immunization
- Sterilization and Disinfection
- Helps nurses understand normal flora and harmful microorganisms, and their effects
- Provides knowledge on modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, and handling of infected patients
Classification of Organisms
- Organisms are classified into two main groups: prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Viruses
- Very small and simple non-living organisms
- Replicate only inside host cells
- Considered neither prokaryotes nor eukaryotes
- Structure:
- Strand of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
- Protein coat (capsid)
- May have an envelope or tail
Prokaryotes
- Two main types: bacteria and archaea
- Bacteria: unicellular prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls
- Archaea: unicellular prokaryotes without peptidoglycan in their cell walls
- Exist in diverse environments
Prokaryotic Cells
- Do not have a true nucleus or most other cell organelles
- Smaller in size compared to eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotes
- Includes: protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals
- Possess a nucleus and other cell organelles
- Larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells
Eukaryotic Cells
- Have a true nucleus and other cell organelles
- Enclosed by a plasma membrane
Differentiating Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
-
Eukaryotes:
- Larger size
- Nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane
- Larger ribosomes
- May have flagella
- Possess organelles
- Multiple chromosomes
- Cell wall in plants
- Lysosomes in animals
-
Prokaryotes:
- Smaller size
- No true nucleus, only a nucleoid
- Smaller ribosomes
- Flagella present
- Have pili
- Single circular DNA strand
- Have a cell wall
- No lysosomes
- May have a capsule
Fungi
- Eukaryotes with a chitin cell wall
- Some have septa (holes that allow organelles and cytoplasm to pass)
- Non-motile
- Medical fungi categories:
- True yeasts: unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding and sexually by forming spores
- Molds: multicellular, consist of mycelia composed of filaments called hyphae
- Yeast-like fungi: have pseudo mycelium
Protozoa
- Single-cell eukaryotic motile organisms
- Important medical groups:
- Amoeba: Entamoeba species, mode of motility: pseudopodia
- Sporozoa: intracellular infection, e.g., malaria
- Mastigophora: mode of motility: flagella
- Gastrointestinal flagellates: e.g., Giardia intestinalis
- Urogenital flagellates: e.g., Trichomonas vaginalis
- Tissue and blood flagellates: e.g., Trypanosoma, Leishmania
Branches of Microbiology
- Bacteriology: study of bacteria
- Parasitology: study of parasites
- Immunology: study of immunity
- Virology: study of viruses
- Mycology: study of fungi
Prokaryotes (Single Cell Organisms)
- Possess both DNA and RNA
- Have a cell wall
- Divide by binary fission
- No nucleus or mitochondria
- Have a nucleoid (bacterial chromosome) with a closed circle of double-stranded DNA
Classification of Bacteria
- Classified based on Morphology, Arrangement, and Staining:
- Filamentous bacteria: Streptomyces
- True bacteria:
- Cocci:
- Gram-positive: Staphylococcus
- Gram-negative: Neisseria
- Bacilli:
- Gram-positive: Bacillus
- Gram-negative: Brucella
- Cocci:
- Spirochetes: slender, spiral bacteria, e.g., Treponema
- Mycoplasma: smallest bacteria, lack a rigid cell wall
- Rickettsiae: lack teichoic acid
- Chlamydiae: lack peptidoglycan, obligate intracellular parasites
Morphology (Size and Shape) of Bacteria
- Average size: one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells
- Range from 1-10 μm in length and 0.2-1 μm in width
- Shapes: Cocci, Bacilli, Vibrios, Spirochetes, Spirilla
Arrangement of Bacteria
- Single, Pairs, Tetrads, Chains, Clusters
Staining (Gram Stain)
- Most useful staining procedure in bacteriology
- Developed by Hans Christian Gram
- Differentiates bacteria into two main groups:
- Gram-positive: appear violet (blue)
- Gram-negative: appear red (pink)
Structure of the Bacterial Cell Wall
- Multi-layered structure external to the cytoplasmic membrane
- Contains Peptidoglycan (murein), responsible for cell wall rigidity
- Peptidoglycan structure:
- Consists of two amino sugars: N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
- Four amino acids: L-alanine, D-glutamic acid, Diaminopimelic acid, D-alanine
- Linked by polypeptide bonds
Classification Based on Cell Wall
- Almost all bacteria are divided into two groups based on cell wall peptidoglycan and permeability factor:
- Gram-positive bacteria: thick layer of peptidoglycan
- Gram-negative bacteria: thin layer of peptidoglycan
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Description
This quiz explores significant contributions to microbiology, including the pioneering work of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and Louis Pasteur. Delve into the theories of the origin of life, including spontaneous generation and biogenesis, and understand the experiments that debunked early misconceptions. Test your knowledge on these foundational concepts in microbiology.
