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Questions and Answers
What term did Pasteur use for cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for preventive inoculation?
What term did Pasteur use for cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for preventive inoculation?
- Synthetic drugs
- Antibiotics
- Vaccines (correct)
- Chemotherapy
Which scientist found a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan effective against syphilis?
Which scientist found a chemotherapeutic agent called salvarsan effective against syphilis?
- Robert Koch
- Paul Ehrlich (correct)
- Louis Pasteur
- Edward Jenner
What was the name of the chemotherapeutic agent found by Paul Ehrlich?
What was the name of the chemotherapeutic agent found by Paul Ehrlich?
- Vaccine
- Sulfonamide
- Antibiotic
- Salvarsan (correct)
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of salvarsan?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of salvarsan?
What were most of the synthetic drugs developed by the late 1930s derivatives of?
What were most of the synthetic drugs developed by the late 1930s derivatives of?
What type of drugs are sulfonamides also known as?
What type of drugs are sulfonamides also known as?
What was the name of the mold in which Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic?
What was the name of the mold in which Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic?
Why are many antimicrobial chemicals too toxic for practical use in humans?
Why are many antimicrobial chemicals too toxic for practical use in humans?
What genetic changes in microbes lead to antibiotic resistance?
What genetic changes in microbes lead to antibiotic resistance?
Which bacteria strain's resistance to Vancomycin alarmed health care professionals?
Which bacteria strain's resistance to Vancomycin alarmed health care professionals?
Why are there very few successful antiviral drugs currently available?
Why are there very few successful antiviral drugs currently available?
What was the active inhibitor in the mold discovered by Alexander Fleming?
What was the active inhibitor in the mold discovered by Alexander Fleming?
Who provided the first proof that bacteria can cause a disease?
Who provided the first proof that bacteria can cause a disease?
What significant discovery did Agostino Bassi make in relation to silkworm disease?
What significant discovery did Agostino Bassi make in relation to silkworm disease?
Which scientist applied the germ theory of disease to medical procedures?
Which scientist applied the germ theory of disease to medical procedures?
What did Edward Jenner discover in his smallpox vaccination experiment?
What did Edward Jenner discover in his smallpox vaccination experiment?
What does the term 'vaccination' derive from?
What does the term 'vaccination' derive from?
Why is immunity important in the context of Edward Jenner's work?
Why is immunity important in the context of Edward Jenner's work?
Who was responsible for establishing the relationship between microorganisms and disease through fermentation studies?
Who was responsible for establishing the relationship between microorganisms and disease through fermentation studies?
'Germ theory of disease' primarily involves the study of:
'Germ theory of disease' primarily involves the study of:
'Koch's postulates' relate to:
'Koch's postulates' relate to:
What did Pasteur find out about the conversion process from sugars to alcohol in wine and beer?
What did Pasteur find out about the conversion process from sugars to alcohol in wine and beer?
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Study Notes
A Brief History of Microbiology
- The debate over spontaneous generation challenged the theory that living cells can arise from non-living matter.
- Anton Lavoisier, Rudolf Virchow, and Louis Pasteur contributed to the understanding of biogenesis, demonstrating that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions.
- Louis Pasteur's work provided evidence that microorganisms cannot originate from non-living materials, and that any appearance of "spontaneous" life can be attributed to microorganisms already present in the air or fluids.
The Golden Age of Microbiology
- The period from 1857 to 1914 was named the Golden Age of Microbiology, led by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch.
- Key discoveries during this period included the agents of many diseases and the role of immunity in preventing and curing disease.
- Pasteur's work on fermentation and pasteurization led to the understanding that microorganisms convert sugars into alcohol and vinegar.
- He developed a method to heat liquor to kill bacteria, preventing spoilage.
Germ Theory of Disease
- The germ theory of disease proposes that microorganisms cause disease.
- Louis Pasteur's work on silkworm disease led to the development of a method to recognize afflicted silkworm moths.
- Agostino Bassi proved that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
- Joseph Lister applied the germ theory to medical procedures, reducing infections and deaths by treating surgical wounds with a phenol solution.
- Robert Koch provided the first proof that bacteria can cause disease, discovering Bacillus anthrax and establishing Koch's postulates.
Vaccination
- Edward Jenner developed the first vaccine against smallpox, using cowpox to induce immunity.
- Louis Pasteur discovered that microorganisms can lose their ability to cause disease after being grown in the laboratory, making them suitable for vaccination.
- Pasteur used the term "vaccine" for cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for preventive inoculation.
Current Applications of Microbiology in Pharmacy
- Chemotherapy is the treatment of disease using chemical substances, often produced naturally by bacteria and fungi.
- Paul Ehrlich discovered the first synthetic drug, salvarsan, an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis.
- The development of antibiotics, such as penicillin, has revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections.
- Antibiotics are often derived from molds or other microorganisms, and many are too toxic for human use.
- The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms has raised concerns about the effectiveness of these treatments.
Other Applications of Microbiology
- The development of antibiotics has led to concerns about drug resistance and the emergence of new, untreatable bacterial infections.
- The overuse of antibiotics has contributed to the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains, posing a significant threat to public health.
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