Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary habitat of Borellia recurrentis?

Human blood

Wild rodents and small mammals (correct)

Tropical forests

Urban environments

What condition is associated with infestations of head lice, body lice, or pubic lice?

Chronic itching

Pediculosis (correct)

Scabies

Dermatitis

How do body lice primarily attach their eggs?

Directly on the skin

In bedding materials

To the seams of clothing (correct)

To the base of human hair

What is NOT a potential condition spread by body lice?

Cholera (D) Signup and view all the answers

What symptoms are associated with tick-borne illness after being bitten?

Sudden fever, chills, and nausea (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do lice transmit Borellia organisms to humans?

Through mucous membranes after being crushed (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action for a person exhibiting symptoms of tick-borne illness?

Seek immediate medical treatment (A) Signup and view all the answers

In what type of conditions do body lice infestations tend to spread rapidly?

Crowded environments with poor hygiene (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pollutants can be biodegraded by Acinetobacter strains?

Chlorinated biphenyl (A), Benzene (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is primarily represented in the family Enterobacteriaceae?

Bacilli (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary metabolic characteristic of Enterobacter bacteria?

Ferment sugars (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which site is a common location for infections caused by pathogenic strains of Enterobacter?

Urinary tract (B) Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from the release of endotoxins by dead bacterial cells?

Endotoxic shock (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of genetic material do Acinetobacter strains utilize in the degradation of phenol?

Chromosomal DNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one function of Type I fimbriae found in Enterobacter bacteria?

Adhesion to hosts (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a characteristic of Enterobacter bacteria?

Strict aerobes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which organism is primarily responsible for human shigellosis?

Shigella dysenteriae (D) Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms associated with Shigella infection?

Profuse diarrhea with blood (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of bacteria is Vibrio cholera?

Comma-shaped bacterium (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is cholera primarily transmitted?

Fecal contamination of food and water (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a person with untreated cholera due to dehydration?

They produce 10-20 liters of diarrhea a day (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which marine organism is known to have a symbiotic relationship with Vibrionaceae bacteria?

Puffer fish (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of toxin is synthesized by some species in the Family Vibrionaceae?

Neurotoxin (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food items is a potential source of salmonella contamination?

Milk (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of E.coli in infants shortly after birth?

It colonizes the gastrointestinal tract. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which E.coli strain is primarily responsible for causing diarrhea in children in the developing world?

Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What serious condition can be caused by the O157:H7 strain of E.coli?

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT associated with fecal coliform bacteria?

Oxidase positive (A) Signup and view all the answers

How do E.coli bacteria typically escape the intestinal tract?

By perforations in the intestinal lining (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterium is commonly used as an indicator of fecal contamination?

Escherichia coli (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following E.coli strains is known for causing profuse diarrhea similar to shigellosis?

Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of toxins can E.coli bacteria produce?

Both heat-stable and heat-labile enterotoxins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What complication can result from neonatal gonococcal conjunctivitis if left untreated?

Corneal scarring or perforation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is a potential outcome of untreated N.gonorrhea infection in females?

Infertility due to pelvic inflammatory disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Acinetobacter baumannii?

Non-motile and oxidase-negative (B) Signup and view all the answers

Acinetobacter species are primarily found in which types of environments?

Water, sewage, and soil (C) Signup and view all the answers

How do Acinetobacter species contribute to infections in hospitals?

They can survive on medical equipment and human skin. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of females infected with N.gonorrhea may experience infertility due to complications?

10 to 20% (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of Acinetobacter species observed under magnification?

Coccobacillary morphology occurring in pairs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a disseminated N.gonorrhea infection?

Meningitis or endocarditis (B) Signup and view all the answers

What temperature and duration is recommended to ensure food is safe from Salmonella infection?

75 °C for at least 10 minutes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Typhoid fever?

Intense migraines (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the significant impact of Mary Mallon on public health regarding Typhoid fever?

She was the first identified asymptomatic carrier. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which source of infection is NOT recognized for spreading Salmonella?

Wild plants (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key characteristics of untreated Typhoid fever?

Progressive fever over weeks (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common behavior that contributes to Salmonella outbreaks in institutional kitchens?

Poor kitchen hygiene practices (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a vector for Salmonella transmission?

Aquatic vertebrates (D) Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature should food be heated to kill bacteria within one hour?

55 °C (C) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA

General Characteristics:
- Simple morphology, cellular arrangement
- Do not form complex structures
- Reproduce by transverse binary fission
- Mostly heterotrophic, some saprophytes or parasites, some highly pathogenic or opportunistic
Spiriochetes:
- Helical shape, flexible
- Periplasmic flagella
- Difficult to visualize with light microscopy (dark field microscopy needed)
- Swim best in viscous media
- Treponema pallidum:
  - Causes syphilis in humans
  - Transmitted sexually, transplacentally
  - Motile spirochete, corkscrew motion through viscous mediums (like mucus)
  - Stages of syphilis: primary (chancre), secondary (rash), latent (asymptomatic), tertiary (damage)
  - Diagnosis with blood tests; treatable with antibiotics (penicillin G, ceftriaxone)

Other Gram-Negative Bacteria

Borrelia recurrentis
- Pathogen causing louse-borne or tick-borne relapsing fever
- Parasite of wild rodents and small mammals
- Microaerophilic
- Transmission via lice bites
- Symptoms include fever, chills, headaches, rash (2-9 days)
- Treatable with antibiotics
Leptospira interrogans
- Parasite, causes leptospirosis
- Gram-negative spirochete
- Periplasmic flagellum
- Sources: alkaline water, soil, urine
- Transmission: infected animal urine, contaminated water
- Symptoms: flu-like, jaundice, liver and kidney damage
- Transmission
- Person to person or animal to person
- Contaminated water
Campylobacter jejuni
- Curved, helical-shaped
- Gram-negative, non-sporeforming
- Microaerophilic
- Sources: contaminated water and food (especially poultry and undercooked meat)
- Symptoms: severe debilitating food poisoning
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Wide range of organic material for food consumption
- Can be found in normal flora and in medical equipment
- Causes infections (burns, cystic fibrosis, external ear infections, medical devices)
Legionella
- Opportunistic pathogen
- Inhaled from mist droplets (e.g. cooling towers, hot tubs)
- Causes Legionnaires' disease, flu-like symptoms, pneumonia, and sometimes bronchitis.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Gram-negative diplococci
- Causes gonorrhoea (sexually transmitted infection)
- Symptoms: discharge, pain, inflammation
Acinetobacter
- Saprophytic, found in water, soil, sewage
- Opportunistic pathogen in hospitalized patients
Salmonella
- Facultative anaerobes, rod-shaped bacteria
- Causes food poisoning, including typhoid fever
Shigella
- Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod shaped bacteria
- Usually fecal-oral transmission
- Causes dysentery
Vibrio cholerae
- Gram-negative, curved rod shape bacterium
- Causes cholera, a severe diarrheal infection
Haemophilus influenzae
- Causes ear infections, eye infections (conjunctivitis)
The Rickettsias
- Obligate intracellular parasites
- Transferred via vectors (lice, fleas, ticks)
- Cause diverse diseases such as typhus, spotted fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Chlamydia
- Gram-negative intracellular bacterium
- Sexually transmitted (C. trachomatis)
- Causes trachoma, an eye infection
- Causes pelvic inflammatory disease
- Q-fever: caused by Coxiella burnetii; it has similar form as Rickettsia;

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Description

Test your knowledge on microbiology topics, including habitats of microorganisms, conditions associated with lice, and the characteristics of specific bacterial families. This quiz covers important concepts related to infectious diseases and their transmission routes.