26 Questions
What is the term for the invasion of the body by microorganisms?
Infection
What is a characteristic of microorganisms?
They can be single celled or multicellular
What type of microorganism is NOT mentioned in the content?
Archaeal
What is a result of the invasion of the body by microorganisms?
Disease
What is the defining characteristic of a microorganism?
It is microscopic
What is the main characteristic of Broad spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Which of the following is an example of a Broad spectrum antibiotic?
Tetracycline
What type of bacteria are susceptible to Broad spectrum antibiotics?
Gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Broad spectrum antibiotics?
Narrow spectrum of activity
What is another example of a Broad spectrum antibiotic besides Tetracycline?
Chloramphenicol
What is the basis for classifying antibiotics?
Spectrum of activity
What type of bacteria is Penicillin G effective against?
Gram positive bacteria
What is an example of a narrow spectrum antibiotic that acts on gram negative bacteria?
Gentamicin
What is the characteristic of narrow spectrum antibiotics?
Effective against a specific type of bacteria
How are antibiotics classified based on their spectrum of activity?
Into two categories: narrow and broad spectrum
What is the definition of antibiotic resistance?
The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of antibiotics
What is the main reason for the development of antibiotic resistance?
The ability of microorganisms to acquire genetic information
What is the result of genetic changes in microorganisms that lead to antibiotic resistance?
Acquired or temporary/durable change in the genetic information of the microorganism
How do microorganisms acquire genetic information that leads to antibiotic resistance?
Through spontaneous mutations or horizontal gene transfer from one organism to another
What is the consequence of antibiotic resistance on microorganism treatment?
Treatment becomes more challenging and may require alternative antibiotics
What is a common gastrointestinal problem associated with certain antibiotics?
Nausea
What is the purpose of Sulbactam in antibiotic treatment?
To inhibit the activity of Beta-Lactamase
What is a common blood disorder associated with certain antibiotics?
Blood disorders
What is the significance of the Beta-Lactam ring in Tazobactam?
It is essential for the inhibition of Beta-Lactamase
What is the approximate percentage of cross-reactivity between Cephalosporins and Penicillin?
10%
What is the purpose of combining Sulbactam with antibiotics?
To protect antibiotics from degradation by Beta-Lactamase
Study Notes
Infection
- Infection is the invasion of the body by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, causing disease.
Microorganisms
- Microorganisms are microscopic living organisms that can be single-celled or multicellular.
Classification of Antibiotics
- Antibiotics can be classified according to their spectrum of activity:
- Narrow spectrum antibiotics: Effective against either Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria, e.g. Penicillin G (effective against Gram-positive bacteria) and Gentamicin (effective against Gram-negative bacteria).
- Broad spectrum antibiotics: Effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, e.g. Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol.
Antibiotic Resistance
- Antibiotic resistance occurs when microorganisms develop the ability to resist the effects of antibiotics previously used to treat them.
- This can occur due to genetic changes that lead to drug resistance, allowing microorganisms to adapt and survive in the presence of antibiotics.
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance
- Resistance can be acquired through the acquisition or mutation of genetic information, allowing bacteria to survive in the presence of antibiotics.
- The development of resistance is influenced by the ability of bacteria to undergo spontaneous mutations or transfer genetic information from one organism to another.
Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors
- Beta-lactamase inhibitors, such as clavulanic acid, inhibit the activity of beta-lactamase enzymes, which can break down antibiotics.
- Tazobactam contains a beta-lactam ring, but does not have antibacterial activity or cause significant side effects; instead, it binds to beta-lactamase, protecting the antibiotic from degradation.
Side Effects of Cephalosporins
- Cephalosporins can cause gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea and diarrhea, and blood disorders.
- There is a 10% cross-reactivity between cephalosporins and penicillin, which can cause allergic reactions.
Learn about the different types of microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, and how they cause infections and diseases in the human body.
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