Viral Infections in Humans

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which viruses cause disease?

By producing toxins that harm host cells
By altering the host cell's DNA
By competing with host cells for nutrients
By destroying host cells during their escape (correct)

What is the outcome of viral replication within host cells?

Host cells are destroyed, leading to symptoms (correct)
Host cells become resistant to infection
Host cells become dormant and inactive
Host cells undergo rapid growth and division

What is the purpose of the 'Recap of Major Viral Infections of Humans' section?

To present new research on viral infections
To summarize key points about viral infections (correct)
To discuss prevention methods for viral infections
To introduce new topics in viral infections

What determines the symptoms of a viral infection?

The location of the infection in the body (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where can viral infections occur in the human body?

In multiple systems, including skin, eyes, ears, respiratory, oral, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, circulatory, and central nervous systems (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses causes monkeypox?

A DNA virus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that causes German measles?

Rubella virus (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a viral infection of the skin?

Keratoconjunctivitis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission for the common cold?

Inhalation of airborne droplets (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus causes hemorrhagic conjunctivitis?

Both A and B (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses causes smallpox?

Variola minor and variola major viruses (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the virus that causes measles?

Measles virus (D) Signup and view all the answers

How many serotypes of rhinoviruses are known to cause the common cold?

More than 100 (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?

Inhalation of aerosolized rodent feces, urine, and saliva (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT a cause of viral infections of the lower respiratory tract?

Herpes simplex virus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of HIV?

Direct sexual contact (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Avian influenza (bird flu)?

Contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is associated with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?

SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which virus causes infectious mononucleosis?

Epstein-Barr virus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual cause of Cold sores (fever blisters, herpes labialis)?

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of mumps?

Droplet spread and direct contact with saliva (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is NOT a viral hemorrhagic fever?

Influenza virus (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the mode of transmission of Influenza?

Infected humans (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for Marburg virus?

African green monkeys (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is a cause of viral gastroenteritis (viral enteritis, viral diarrhea)?

Adenovirus (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of Influenza virus?

Influenza virus type D (A) Signup and view all the answers

How is lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) transmitted?

Exposure to mouse urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mode of transmission of polioviruses?

Fecal-oral route (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of virus is Ebola?

Filamentous RNA virus (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the rabies virus?

Bullet-shaped (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common reservoir for the rabies virus?

Bats (C) Signup and view all the answers

How is the rabies virus typically transmitted?

Through the bite of a rabid animal (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which mosquito is a common vector for the Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus?

Coquillettidia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reservoir for the LaCrosse encephalitis virus?

Chipmunks and squirrels (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes?

California encephalitis virus (D) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

How Do Viruses Cause Disease?

Viruses multiply within host cells
During escape from host cells, cells are destroyed, leading to symptoms of a viral infection
Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infection

Viral Infections of the Skin

Chickenpox and shingles: caused by Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus)
German measles (rubella): caused by Rubella virus (RNA virus)
Measles (hard measles, rubeola): caused by Measles (rubeola) virus (RNA virus)
Monkeypox: caused by Monkeypox virus (DNA virus)
Smallpox: caused by Variola virus (DNA virus)
Warts: caused by at least 70 different types of Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) (DNA viruses)

Viral Infections of the Eyes

Adenoviral conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis: caused by various types of adenoviruses
Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses can also cause keratoconjunctivitis
Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis: caused by adenoviruses and enteroviruses
People with viral infections should wash hands thoroughly before touching eyes or contact lenses

Viral Infections of the Respiratory System

The common cold (acute viral rhinitis, acute coryza): caused by many different viruses, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and enteroviruses
Acute, febrile, viral respiratory disease: caused by parainfluenza viruses, RSV, adenovirus, rhinoviruses, and other viruses
Avian influenza (bird flu): caused by Avian influenza virus type A
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): caused by at least five different hantaviruses
Influenza, flu: caused by Influenza viruses, types A, B, and C (RNA viruses)
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): caused by SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

Viral Infections of the Oral Region

Cold sores (fever blisters, herpes labialis): usually caused by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), but can be caused by Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2)
Viral gastroenteritis (viral enteritis, viral diarrhea): caused by enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, and rotaviruses

Viral Infections of the Circulatory System

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2 (ssRNA viruses)
Infectious mononucleosis (“mono,” “kissing disease”): caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) (DNA virus)
Mumps (infectious parotitis): caused by Mumps virus (RNA virus)

Viral Hemorrhagic Diseases (Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers)

Caused by many different viruses, including dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Lassa virus, Ebola virus, and Marburg virus
Ebola and Marburg viruses are extremely large filamentous viruses
Infected humans serve as reservoirs; infected African green monkeys also serve as reservoirs in Marburg infection
Transmission is person-to-person via direct contact with infected blood, secretions, internal organs, or semen; also, needlestick

Viral Infections of the CNS

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: caused by Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
Poliomyelitis (polio, infantile paralysis): caused by Polioviruses (RNA viruses)
Rabies: caused by Rabies virus (bullet-shaped, enveloped RNA virus)
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis, abacterial meningitis): caused by various viruses

Selected Arthropodborne Viral Encephalitides of the United States

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): reservoirs are birds and horses; vectors are mosquitoes
California encephalitis: reservoirs are rodents and rabbits; vectors are mosquitoes
LaCrosse encephalitis: reservoirs are chipmunks and squirrels; vectors are mosquitoes
St. Louis encephalitis: reservoirs are birds; vectors are mosquitoes
West Nile virus encephalitis: reservoirs are birds and perhaps horses; vectors are mosquitoes
Western equine encephalitis (WEE): reservoirs are birds and horses; vectors are mosquitoes

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