Viral Infections in Humans
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism by which viruses cause disease?

  • By producing toxins that harm host cells
  • By altering the host cell's DNA
  • By competing with host cells for nutrients
  • By destroying host cells during their escape (correct)

    • What is the outcome of viral replication within host cells?

  • Host cells are destroyed, leading to symptoms (correct)
  • Host cells become resistant to infection
  • Host cells become dormant and inactive
  • Host cells undergo rapid growth and division

    • What is the purpose of the 'Recap of Major Viral Infections of Humans' section?

  • To present new research on viral infections
  • To summarize key points about viral infections (correct)
  • To discuss prevention methods for viral infections
  • To introduce new topics in viral infections

    • What determines the symptoms of a viral infection?

    <p>The location of the infection in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where can viral infections occur in the human body?

    <p>In multiple systems, including skin, eyes, ears, respiratory, oral, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, circulatory, and central nervous systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses causes monkeypox?

    <p>A DNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes German measles?

    <p>Rubella virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a viral infection of the skin?

    <p>Keratoconjunctivitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for the common cold?

    <p>Inhalation of airborne droplets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus causes hemorrhagic conjunctivitis?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses causes smallpox?

    <p>Variola minor and variola major viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes measles?

    <p>Measles virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many serotypes of rhinoviruses are known to cause the common cold?

    <p>More than 100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)?

    <p>Inhalation of aerosolized rodent feces, urine, and saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT a cause of viral infections of the lower respiratory tract?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of HIV?

    <p>Direct sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Avian influenza (bird flu)?

    <p>Contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is associated with Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)?

    <p>SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes infectious mononucleosis?

    <p>Epstein-Barr virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the usual cause of Cold sores (fever blisters, herpes labialis)?

    <p>Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of mumps?

    <p>Droplet spread and direct contact with saliva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is NOT a viral hemorrhagic fever?

    <p>Influenza virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of transmission of Influenza?

    <p>Infected humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir for Marburg virus?

    <p>African green monkeys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is a cause of viral gastroenteritis (viral enteritis, viral diarrhea)?

    <p>Adenovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of Influenza virus?

    <p>Influenza virus type D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) transmitted?

    <p>Exposure to mouse urine, droppings, saliva, or nesting materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of polioviruses?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus is Ebola?

    <p>Filamentous RNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the rabies virus?

    <p>Bullet-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common reservoir for the rabies virus?

    <p>Bats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the rabies virus typically transmitted?

    <p>Through the bite of a rabid animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mosquito is a common vector for the Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus?

    <p>Coquillettidia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reservoir for the LaCrosse encephalitis virus?

    <p>Chipmunks and squirrels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following viruses is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes?

    <p>California encephalitis virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    How Do Viruses Cause Disease?

    • Viruses multiply within host cells
    • During escape from host cells, cells are destroyed, leading to symptoms of a viral infection
    • Symptoms vary depending on the location of the infection

    Viral Infections of the Skin

    • Chickenpox and shingles: caused by Varicella-zoster virus (DNA virus)
    • German measles (rubella): caused by Rubella virus (RNA virus)
    • Measles (hard measles, rubeola): caused by Measles (rubeola) virus (RNA virus)
    • Monkeypox: caused by Monkeypox virus (DNA virus)
    • Smallpox: caused by Variola virus (DNA virus)
    • Warts: caused by at least 70 different types of Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) (DNA viruses)

    Viral Infections of the Eyes

    • Adenoviral conjunctivitis and keratoconjunctivitis: caused by various types of adenoviruses
    • Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses can also cause keratoconjunctivitis
    • Hemorrhagic conjunctivitis: caused by adenoviruses and enteroviruses
    • People with viral infections should wash hands thoroughly before touching eyes or contact lenses

    Viral Infections of the Respiratory System

    • The common cold (acute viral rhinitis, acute coryza): caused by many different viruses, including rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, adenoviruses, and enteroviruses
    • Acute, febrile, viral respiratory disease: caused by parainfluenza viruses, RSV, adenovirus, rhinoviruses, and other viruses
    • Avian influenza (bird flu): caused by Avian influenza virus type A
    • Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS): caused by at least five different hantaviruses
    • Influenza, flu: caused by Influenza viruses, types A, B, and C (RNA viruses)
    • Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): caused by SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV)

    Viral Infections of the Oral Region

    • Cold sores (fever blisters, herpes labialis): usually caused by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), but can be caused by Herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2)
    • Viral gastroenteritis (viral enteritis, viral diarrhea): caused by enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, and rotaviruses

    Viral Infections of the Circulatory System

    • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): caused by HIV-1 and HIV-2 (ssRNA viruses)
    • Infectious mononucleosis (“mono,” “kissing disease”): caused by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) (DNA virus)
    • Mumps (infectious parotitis): caused by Mumps virus (RNA virus)

    Viral Hemorrhagic Diseases (Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers)

    • Caused by many different viruses, including dengue virus, yellow fever virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Lassa virus, Ebola virus, and Marburg virus
    • Ebola and Marburg viruses are extremely large filamentous viruses
    • Infected humans serve as reservoirs; infected African green monkeys also serve as reservoirs in Marburg infection
    • Transmission is person-to-person via direct contact with infected blood, secretions, internal organs, or semen; also, needlestick

    Viral Infections of the CNS

    • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis: caused by Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)
    • Poliomyelitis (polio, infantile paralysis): caused by Polioviruses (RNA viruses)
    • Rabies: caused by Rabies virus (bullet-shaped, enveloped RNA virus)
    • Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis, abacterial meningitis): caused by various viruses

    Selected Arthropodborne Viral Encephalitides of the United States

    • Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE): reservoirs are birds and horses; vectors are mosquitoes
    • California encephalitis: reservoirs are rodents and rabbits; vectors are mosquitoes
    • LaCrosse encephalitis: reservoirs are chipmunks and squirrels; vectors are mosquitoes
    • St. Louis encephalitis: reservoirs are birds; vectors are mosquitoes
    • West Nile virus encephalitis: reservoirs are birds and perhaps horses; vectors are mosquitoes
    • Western equine encephalitis (WEE): reservoirs are birds and horses; vectors are mosquitoes

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    Description

    This quiz covers various viral infections in humans, including those affecting the skin, ears, eyes, respiratory system, oral region, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary system. Learn about how viruses cause disease and the different types of infections they can cause.

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