Microbiology and Disease Transmission
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of passive immunisation?

  • To provide immediate protection against a particular organism (correct)
  • To cure a disease caused by a particular organism
  • To create a vaccine against a particular organism
  • To generate memory against a particular organism

    • SARS is caused by the MERS coronavirus

    False

    The _____________ vaccine is an example of a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 that uses a non-replicating viral vector approach.

    Johnson and Johnson/Janssen

    How do SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV viruses spread?

    <p>Both a) and b)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More than 100 vaccines were in early clinical development against SARS-CoV-2

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 with their respective approaches:

    <p>Pfizer vaccine = Lipid nanoparticle mRNA Moderna vaccine = Lipid nanoparticle mRNA Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine = Adjuvanted protein Johnson and Johnson/Janssen vaccine = Non-replicating viral vectors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection are reported as asymptomatic

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of microorganism that can cause disease?

    <p>Animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some cases, a rise in temperature is not a marker of infection.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of taking a detailed history in diagnosing an infection?

    <p>To gather details of symptoms, time since first exposure, contacts, environment, food/drink, and travel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interleukin ___________ tells the brain to increase the temperature in response to an infection.

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following routes of transmission with the corresponding diseases:

    <p>Water = Cholera Food = E. coli Insects = Malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the test used to distinguish between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

    <p>Gram stain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A cough is never a marker of infection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cytokine that is involved in increasing the body's temperature in response to an infection?

    <p>Interleukin 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    C-reactive protein is a marker of ___________ and inflammation.

    <p>infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of skin change that can be a marker of infection?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is widely used to test for sepsis?

    <p>Blood culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibody tests are used to detect viruses.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary usage of JavaScript?

    <p>Not mentioned in the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Masks, hand hygiene, etc. are part of _______________ public health measures.

    <p>general</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following diagnostic tools with their primary usage:

    <p>X-ray = Chest infections and TB MRI scan = Central nervous system infections CT scan = Abdominal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT used to detect bacteria?

    <p>Elisa/immunofluorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quarantine only affects the mental health of individuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of infection control measures in hospitals and healthcare premises?

    <p>Prevention of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nucleic acid amplification/PCR is used to detect _______________ in bacteria.

    <p>microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ethical issue in infection control?

    <p>Who to tell about a patient's diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microorganisms is NOT typically transmitted through insect vectors?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interleukin 6 in response to infection?

    <p>To trigger the release of C-reactive protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following markers of infection is NOT typically associated with a decrease in temperature?

    <p>Rise in temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Gram stain in the diagnosis of bacterial infections?

    <p>To differentiate between gram positive and gram negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of skin change that can be a marker of infection, characterized by deep skin infection?

    <p>Necrotising fasciitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of C-reactive protein in response to infection?

    <p>To mark the presence of infection and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common route of transmission for Hepatitis A?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary importance of taking a detailed history in diagnosing an infection?

    <p>To gather information about the patient's symptoms and exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunisation provides immediate protection against infection, but does not generate long-term immunity?

    <p>Passive immunisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of transmission of SARS-CoV?

    <p>Respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 uses a DNA-based approach?

    <p>Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the syndrome caused by the MERS-CoV virus?

    <p>Middle East respiratory syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the virus that causes SARS?

    <p>SARS-CoV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 uses a lipid nanoparticle mRNA approach?

    <p>Moderna vaccine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV?

    <p>Host animal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were in early pre-clinical development?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of nucleic acid amplification/PCR in diagnosing infections?

    <p>To amplify specific DNA sequences for detection and identification of bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic tool used to detect viruses?

    <p>Blood culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of infection control measures in hospitals and healthcare premises?

    <p>To prevent the transmission of infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of quarantine in public health?

    <p>It has a significant impact on all areas of healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diagnostic tools is widely used to test for sepsis?

    <p>Blood culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of antigen tests in diagnosing infections?

    <p>To detect hepatitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microorganisms Causing Disease

    • Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), and prions can cause disease

    Transmission of Infection

    • Person to person: influenza, SARS-CoV-2, EBV, HIV
    • Water: cholera, Hepatitis A
    • Food: E. coli, salmonella
    • Insects: Malaria
    • Surface: MRSA

    History Taking

    • Importance of taking detailed history:
      • Symptoms
      • Time since first exposure
      • Contacts (including sexual partners, animals)
      • Environment (damp building, air conditioner, overcrowding)
      • Food/drink
      • Travel

    Markers of Infection

    • Rise in temperature (in some cases, temperature may go down)
      • Interleukin 1 tells the brain to increase the temperature
    • General malaise (lethargy, body ache, head ache, loss of appetite, influenza, etc.)
    • Pain (general muscle pain in many infections, abdominal pain in hepatitis, abdomen tender to touch, etc.)
    • Breathlessness (chest infection including pneumonia)
    • Local skin changes:
      • Impetigo: blisters and sores on the skin
      • Cellulitis: redness, heat, pain at the site of infection
      • Necrotising fasciitis: deep skin infection
    • Cough:
      • Dry cough (e.g., whooping cough)
      • Productive cough: purulent sputum (e.g., tuberculosis)
    • Confusion (meningitis, sepsis, etc.)

    General Tests for Infection

    • White blood cell count: generally increases in infection, but may decrease in some cases (e.g., CD4+ cells in HIV)
      • Interleukin 6 is a cytokine involved in this process
    • C-reactive protein: increases in infection and inflammation

    Tests for Cause of Infection

    • Bacteria:
      • Direct microscopy after staining (Gram stain, acid-fast stain)
      • Blood culture (growth and identification)
      • Swabs (direct staining and microscopy, growth in appropriate medium)
      • Nucleic acid amplification/PCR
      • Antigen tests (e.g., hepatitis)
      • Antibody tests
    • Viruses:
      • Detection of antigens using Elisa/immunofluorescence
      • Nucleic acid amplifications/PCR
      • Antibody tests

    Investigations for Infection

    • X-ray (used in chest infections and TB)
    • MRI scan
    • CT scan

    Public Health and Ethical Issues

    • Infection control:
      • General public health measures: masks, hand hygiene, etc.
      • Infection control measures in hospitals and healthcare premises
      • Quarantine: effect on all areas of healthcare, effect on mental health
    • Ethical issues:
      • Ethical dilemmas around sexually transmitted diseases
      • Who do you tell? When do you tell? Public health measures and freedom of citizens (SARS-CoV-2)

    Vaccines

    • Passive immunization:
      • Immunoglobulins from human serum (pooled human immunoglobulin or hyperimmune immunoglobulin)
      • Helpful in patients who have no immunity against that particular organism
      • Does not generate memory - antibodies have to be made again
      • Clears from the patient’s system in a few weeks to months
    • SARS-CoV-2 vaccines:
      • Examples: Pfizer, Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, and Johnson and Johnson/Janssen vaccines
      • Different approaches:
        • Lipid nanoparticle mRNA
        • DNA
        • Adjuvanted protein
        • Inactivated virus particles
        • Non-replicating viral vectors
      • More than 100 other vaccines were in early pre-clinical development
    • Coronavirus vaccines in general use:
      • Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
      • Pfizer/BioNTech bivalent COVID-19 vaccine
      • Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
      • Moderna bivalent COVID-19 vaccine
      • Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (Nuvaxovid)

    SARS and MERS

    • SARS:
      • Caused by SARS-CoV (bats to other animals and people)
      • Symptoms: respiratory problems, dry cough, fever, head and body aches
      • Spread through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes
    • MERS:
      • Caused by MERS-CoV (direct or indirect contact with infected dromedary camels)
      • Symptoms: fever, cough, and shortness of breath
      • Pneumonia is common, but not always present
      • Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, have also been reported
      • Some laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection are reported as asymptomatic

    Microorganisms Causing Disease

    • Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms), and prions can cause disease

    Transmission of Infection

    • Person to person: influenza, SARS-CoV-2, EBV, HIV
    • Water: cholera, Hepatitis A
    • Food: E. coli, salmonella
    • Insects: Malaria
    • Surface: MRSA

    History Taking

    • Importance of taking detailed history:
      • Symptoms
      • Time since first exposure
      • Contacts (including sexual partners, animals)
      • Environment (damp building, air conditioner, overcrowding)
      • Food/drink
      • Travel

    Markers of Infection

    • Rise in temperature (in some cases, temperature may go down)
      • Interleukin 1 tells the brain to increase the temperature
    • General malaise (lethargy, body ache, head ache, loss of appetite, influenza, etc.)
    • Pain (general muscle pain in many infections, abdominal pain in hepatitis, abdomen tender to touch, etc.)
    • Breathlessness (chest infection including pneumonia)
    • Local skin changes:
      • Impetigo: blisters and sores on the skin
      • Cellulitis: redness, heat, pain at the site of infection
      • Necrotising fasciitis: deep skin infection
    • Cough:
      • Dry cough (e.g., whooping cough)
      • Productive cough: purulent sputum (e.g., tuberculosis)
    • Confusion (meningitis, sepsis, etc.)

    General Tests for Infection

    • White blood cell count: generally increases in infection, but may decrease in some cases (e.g., CD4+ cells in HIV)
      • Interleukin 6 is a cytokine involved in this process
    • C-reactive protein: increases in infection and inflammation

    Tests for Cause of Infection

    • Bacteria:
      • Direct microscopy after staining (Gram stain, acid-fast stain)
      • Blood culture (growth and identification)
      • Swabs (direct staining and microscopy, growth in appropriate medium)
      • Nucleic acid amplification/PCR
      • Antigen tests (e.g., hepatitis)
      • Antibody tests
    • Viruses:
      • Detection of antigens using Elisa/immunofluorescence
      • Nucleic acid amplifications/PCR
      • Antibody tests

    Investigations for Infection

    • X-ray (used in chest infections and TB)
    • MRI scan
    • CT scan

    Public Health and Ethical Issues

    • Infection control:
      • General public health measures: masks, hand hygiene, etc.
      • Infection control measures in hospitals and healthcare premises
      • Quarantine: effect on all areas of healthcare, effect on mental health
    • Ethical issues:
      • Ethical dilemmas around sexually transmitted diseases
      • Who do you tell? When do you tell? Public health measures and freedom of citizens (SARS-CoV-2)

    Vaccines

    • Passive immunization:
      • Immunoglobulins from human serum (pooled human immunoglobulin or hyperimmune immunoglobulin)
      • Helpful in patients who have no immunity against that particular organism
      • Does not generate memory - antibodies have to be made again
      • Clears from the patient’s system in a few weeks to months
    • SARS-CoV-2 vaccines:
      • Examples: Pfizer, Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, and Johnson and Johnson/Janssen vaccines
      • Different approaches:
        • Lipid nanoparticle mRNA
        • DNA
        • Adjuvanted protein
        • Inactivated virus particles
        • Non-replicating viral vectors
      • More than 100 other vaccines were in early pre-clinical development
    • Coronavirus vaccines in general use:
      • Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine
      • Pfizer/BioNTech bivalent COVID-19 vaccine
      • Moderna COVID-19 vaccine
      • Moderna bivalent COVID-19 vaccine
      • Novavax COVID-19 vaccine (Nuvaxovid)

    SARS and MERS

    • SARS:
      • Caused by SARS-CoV (bats to other animals and people)
      • Symptoms: respiratory problems, dry cough, fever, head and body aches
      • Spread through respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes
    • MERS:
      • Caused by MERS-CoV (direct or indirect contact with infected dromedary camels)
      • Symptoms: fever, cough, and shortness of breath
      • Pneumonia is common, but not always present
      • Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea, have also been reported
      • Some laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection are reported as asymptomatic

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    Lecture 1.1 - Introduction to the Infection Block PDF

    Description

    Explore the different types of microorganisms that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as the various ways they can be transmitted, such as person-to-person, water, food, and insects. Learn about the importance of taking a detailed history in diagnosing diseases.

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