Cytology 1 and 2

What is the primary purpose of exfoliative vaginal cytology?

What is the first step in obtaining a vaginal cytology sample?

What is the characteristic of vaginal epithelial cells during estrus?

What is the purpose of tracking changes in the morphology of desquamated vaginal epithelial cells?

What is the name of the stage of estrus characterized by a swollen vulva, reddish discharge, bitch will attract but not accept male in attempts to breed

What is the purpose of staining the slides with diff quik?

What stage of estrus do you suspect if you see noncornified squamous epithelium, intermediate or parabasal epithelial cells, neutrophils (may be) present in small numbers, and RBCs are seen

What is the primary focus of fecal cytology?

What stage of estrus do you suspect when the animal has a history of proestrus, discharge has changed from red to pinkish (and becoming whiter in the late stages), the bitch accepts males and microscopically squamous epithelium is cornified (there are also neutrophils and RBCs are present but decreased)

What stage of estrus do you suspect if vulvar swelling and discharge have decreased, the bitch no longer attracts males, cornified epithelium is replaced by non cornified squamous epithelium, neutrophils are present again and RBC are absent

Which stage of estrus (in canine) is longest, lasting 60 days, without vulvar discharge, predominant cell is noncornified epithelium and progesterone secretion is at its peak

What is the primary reason for collecting multiple swabs during the examination of the external ear canal?

The onset of diestrus is marked by a precipitous decline in the number of superficial cells and reappearance of intermediate and parabasal cells. Most commonly, the cellular profile changes within a single day from essentially 100% superficial cells to less than 20%. However, It is best to confirm the onset of diestrus by examining a smear prepared of diestrus day __

What is the purpose of using oil immersion lens during the cytological examination of the external ear canal?

[In the ear canal] Microscopically you should see none to occasional bacteria. Many of the bacteria are potentially pathogenic if and when the conditions are optimal to colonize in the ear canal. In bacterial infections the cytological examination can reveal large numbers of bacteria along with what cell?

Normal flora of the ear canal can contain a small number of bacteria, which of the following is a normal inhabitant of the external ear canal and also the most common cause of mycotic otitis externa

What is the characteristic shape of yeast cells observed during the cytological examination of the external ear canal?

What is the recommended method for collecting a sample for otitis externa diagnosis?

What is the primary cause of mycotic otitis externa?

What is the primary cause of otitis externa in dogs?

What is the characteristic of the squamous epithelial cells during Estrus?

What is the primary cause of Clostridium perfringens infections in the intestines?

What is the longest stage of the canine estrous cycle?

Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum spp) is a

Method for diagnosing Clostridium perfringens infections in the intestines?

What is the term for the false pregnancy seen in dogs?

What is the recommended stain to use during the fecal cytology examination?

What is the main advantage of the non-aspiration technique in highly vascular areas?

What is the blood smear technique used for?

This method takes some experience Inexperience hands the cytologic smear is often unreadable because too many of the cells are ruptured or is insufficiently spread

What are the benefits of the combination technique

What kind of areas will you use a nonaspiration technique on

What is the purpose of making multiple smears from an aspirate?

What is the disadvantage of using large needles for aspiration?

What is the purpose of blotting the tissue before making a slide?

Why is it important that no downward pressure be applied when using the squash preparation method?

What is the primary advantage of using scrapings to collect cytologic samples?

Why is it important to clean blood and tissue before making an imprint smear?

What is the main limitation of using impression smears to collect cytologic samples?

What is the primary difference between impression smears and scrapings?

When is it recommended to use a combination of techniques to collect cytologic samples?

What is the primary reason for leaving some smears unstained when collecting cytologic samples?

Cocci is

Why is it important to prepare the site before collecting cytologic samples?

What is the primary difference between blood smear technique and squash preparation?

What is a disadvantage of using large needles for aspiration?

When unidentifiable yeast or hyphae are observed in the ear what should be done?

What is the primary purpose of the Combination Technique?

What is the primary advantage of the Starfish Technique?

Otodectes cynotis is a common problem in dogs and cats characterized by

What is a common problem encountered when using the Squash Technique?

Clostridium perfringens is

Certain factors may cause CP organisms to undergo enteric sporulation, during the sporulation process the enterotoxin is released, what does enterotoxin production cause

Preparation of collection site depends on site of collection. What kind of preparation does a superficial site require

What is the primary characteristic of vaginal epithelial cells during Anestrus?

Preparation of collection site depends on the site of collection. What does microbiologic test require

Smear preparation technique used depends on?

When should you leave some smears unstained

Why should you imprint ulcers before cleaning

When imprinting cutaneous lesions or tissues collected during surgery/necropsy what must you do

What is the primary reason for leaving some smears unstained when collecting cytologic samples?

Always cytologic findings must be interpreted along with history and clinical signs The Four stages of estrus are:

4 types of otitis externa

Signs of otitis externa (7)

Conformation of the ear canal • Long , narrow ear canal • Traps moisture, foreign debris, and glandular secretions • _______ ___ in the external ear canal will also inhibit ventilation and increase the retention of cerumen

• Animal’s habits can lead to a predisposition for otitis For example

• Obtain ear swag sample ____ otoscope examination has been performed

[ear] Cytological examination should be evaluated for (7)

Findings that must be recorded for bacteria (5)

Findings that must be recorded for yeast (2)

Things that CP can cause (5)

Slide preparation for mites includes (4)

Fecal smear steps (3) and 4 to identify?

Smear preparation tips Cytologic samples can be collected in 4 ways, what are they

• Prepared from tissues collected during necropsy, surgery, or external lesions • Advantage o Collection yields large number of cells especially on firm lesions where it is difficult to obtain cells

• Prepared from tissues collected during necropsy, surgery, or external lesions Disadvantage o Difficulty in collecting them o Superficial nature of the collection procedure often does not give a true representation of cells. This hinders their use as a diagnostic tool

Method of collection generally used only when imprints, scrapings and aspirates are not possible because of location Such as fistulous tracts, vaginal cytology, ears

Things/areas that can be FNA (not specific organs) (4)

Internal organs that can be FNA

Aspiration of the surrounding tissue should be avoided

When performing an FNA the mass, tissue or organ is identified how

Why is FNA a preferred method for obtaining samples from masses

The FNA method (aspiration or nonaspiration) depends on what

FNA technique, ___ gauge needle, __mL syringe, the softer the tissue the __ the needle and syringe (separate with commas)

Larger needles often leads to poor quality slides, Tissue cores tend to be aspirated, which results in poor yield of free cells suitable for diagnosis, Tend to cause greater blood contamination

Smaller needles often leads to poor quality slides, Tissue cores tend to be aspirated, which results in poor yield of free cells suitable for diagnosis, Tend to cause greater blood contamination

Size of syringe is influenced by the consistency of the tissue being aspirated (12ml over all good average), 3ml good for lymph nodes, Fibrosarcoma requires a larger syringe because of firmness of the tumor

Size of syringe is NOT influenced by the consistency of the tissue being aspirated (12ml over all good average), Any size is good for lymph nodes, Fibrosarcoma requires a smaller syringe because of firmness of the tumor

At this point your needle is out of the mass o Remove needle from ___ of syringe o Draw ___ into the syringe o ___ needle onto the syringe o Depress the plunger ____ o Expelling aspirate onto the ___ of a slide o The needle should be ____ to the slide to allow for a single droplet of material vs a spray Separate with commas

• Modification technique of the original nonaspiration method o Using a ____ gauge needle on a 3 cc syringe o Draw a few cc of air into the syringe barrel ___ collection this allows for rapid expulsion of the material onto the slide o Grasp needle and syringe at the ___ for maximum control o Mass ___ with free hand o Needle is ____ o Move the needle back and forth in a _____ motion trying to stay on the same tract o This allows cells to be collected by ___ and tissue pressure o careful not to contaminate sample with ____ tissues o Withdraw the needle ____ releasing pressure o Quickly expel material onto slide o Smear promptly o Optimal to perform multiple attempt at various sites Separate with a comma

A tissue biopsy is the sampling of a piece of tissue for cytologic and/or histopathologic examination. It consists of : Gentle ____ with a ____, Then excision, a ____ biopsy can be used or ______-guided biopsy . Fix tissue samples for histopathologic examination in 10% _____ _____-buffered formalin. To ensure adequate fixation, place slabs of tissue no more than __cm wide in fluid (10% formalin). Fill tight jars containing formalin at approximately 10 times the specimen's _______. With large tissues, remove the sample to a ____ jar with ____ formalin once fixed for 34 hours (separate with a comma)

With endoscope specimens, gently ____ specimens collected by endoscopy from the tip of the endoscope with ____ ____ . ____ the specimen gently on a paper towel to remove ____ . Then place on a small piece of _____ ______ ______ and allow the tissue to dry on the "". Once done, ______ or ____ specimens with the attached "___" specimen side down in fixative.(separate with commas)

Most common problems of tissue biopsies are ___ cells seen, lesions do not _____ well (mesenchymal neoplasms). Needle may ____ the site of lesion during collection. ____ sample collection. inadequate _______ ______ (aspiration technique). slow or ______ needle passes (nonaspiration technique) ... (separate with commas)

• Anytime you can visualize material in the hub of the needle you should _____ and ______ ______ ______ (separate with a comma)

• Blood seen on impression smears often results from a ______ to _____ tissue before making slides (separate with a comma)

In poorly prepared slides high cell yield is _______ when slides are prepared poorly. Smears should be made immediately to prevent ___ or _____. If a lot of material is recovered be prepared to make ___ slides or ___. Too thick of smears are useless as there are not enough _____. Smears should be air dried _____. Make ____ ____ good quality slides as possible to submit to ______. Cells are often fragile and break apart easily so having more than 1 or 2 slides can be beneficial

For smears for solid masses, several methods can be used. The method used depends on 2 things. List them . (combination of methods is acceptable)

Squash preparation method consists of: _____ aspirate onto the ______ of the slide. Place a ____ spreader slide over the aspirate ______. Quickly and smoothly ____ across the first slide. It is important that no ______ pressure be applied because this causes ______ of cells. (separate with commas)

Steps of the combination technique: Place aspirate on ____ of the slide, draw back spreader slide until it contacts ____ of the sample and push the slide _____(blood smear). Next, place a spreader slide _______ over the back 1/3rd of the sample. Allow sample to ______. Quickly and smoothly _____ the slide (squash method). The ____ third of the saple is left untouched . (Separate with commas)

One modification of the squash technique is the _____, where you drag the aspirate with the tip of a needle to make a ______

Line concentration techniquer is ________________________ (one sentence

Preparation of smears from fluids should be made immediately after collection, be sure to collect in ____. Smears can be prepared from ___ or _____ samples. _____ if low cellularity is expected. You may use the blood smear, squash prep, and line smear technique, _____, _____ and _____ influence selection. (separate with commas)

In centrifuged samples, excessive fluid keeps cells from spreading well. Be sure to centrifuge at a rate similar to ____ samples. Once done the supernatant is separated from the sediment, resuspend the sediment in a few drops of _____. ____ ______ or _______ ___ technique is used (separate with commas)

_____ _____ is used for samples of low cellularity

What are the 3 stain types that offer excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic detail and also allow viewers to see through the layers of the cell to evaluate nuclear and nucleolar changes (separate each stain with a comma)

Cocci shaped bacteria are usually

Rod shaped bacteria are usually

What is the characteristic feature of Clostridium perfringens spores observed during the fecal cytology examination?

Imprints are usually performed on

Exfoliative vaginal cytology is useful adjunct to the history and clinical examination in determining the stage of the estrous cycle in bitches and queens, but it also assists with?

Clostridium perfringens is??????

Disadvantages of the imprint method