Microbial Virulence & Pathogenesis Quiz

<p>Endotoxins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protects bacteria from antibiotics and immune defenses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protects against osmotic pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Teichoic acids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Act as a toxic component of endotoxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protect against phagocytosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have lipid associations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Single-layer peptidoglycan and an outer membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pilus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carry genes for antibiotic resistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating adherence to host cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>P-pili (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capsule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchanging genetic material during conjugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lipopolysaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pathogen lysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fever and hypotension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are produced by live bacteria and secreted into the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shiga toxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agglutination test (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocytosis or fusion with host cell membrane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enabling tissue invasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capsule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To guide initial antibiotic choice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Virulence measures the severity of disease, whereas pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A person harboring the pathogen without showing symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It influences the retention of the primary stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To stain bacterial endospores specifically (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It starts with the infection and ends with symptom development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motility and structure of bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exotoxins induce high titer antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can cause pore formation and inhibit protein synthesis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Botulism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxoids maintain immunogenicity but not toxicity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmids or bacteriophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endotoxins are secreted from bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Botulism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Produced by certain species of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organism capable of causing disease.

The development of a disease, starting with infection and leading to symptoms.

The ability of a microorganism to cause disease.

A staining method that classifies bacteria by their cell wall structure.

Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan cell walls, retaining the primary stain.

Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan cell walls, not retaining the primary stain.

A microscopic examination technique using a liquid specimen of a sample for observation of motility, molds, ova/cysts.

The quantitative ability of a microorganism to cause disease.

Thick peptidoglycan layer, with teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.

Thin peptidoglycan layer, with outer membrane and lipoproteins.

Provides rigid support and protection against osmotic pressure in bacterial cell walls.

Polysaccharide in gram-positive cell walls; important antigens and mediate attachment.

Component of the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria, toxic component of endotoxin.

Protective layer preventing phagocytosis (engulfment).

Attachment structure on bacteria, enabling attachment to surfaces and or conjugation.

Bacterial structure for motility.

A protein toxin secreted by bacteria that can cause harm to the host. It is heat labile and can be converted into a harmless toxoid.

Part of the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, specifically a lipopolysaccharide. It is released when the bacteria dies and can trigger an immune response.

A modified form of a toxin that has been rendered harmless (non-toxic) but retains its ability to stimulate the immune system.

A powerful neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It causes flaccid paralysis by blocking the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.

Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria, while endotoxins are lipopolysaccharides part of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. Both are harmful, but exotoxins are produced and secreted, and endotoxins are released upon bacterial death.

Bacterial enzymes play a role in the spread of infection by breaking down tissues and creating pathways for the bacteria to spread within the host.

Toxoids are inactivated toxins that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the toxin. This prepares the body to fight off the real toxin if exposure occurs.

Tetanus, botulism, and diphtheria are examples of diseases caused by exotoxins.

Virulence factors are molecules produced by bacteria that aid them in colonizing a host, causing disease, and evading the host's immune system.

Adhesins are molecules found on the surface of bacteria that help them attach to host cells.

There are two main types of adhesins: fimbrial and non-fimbrial.

The capsule is a protective layer surrounding some bacteria that helps them evade the host's immune system.

Flagella are whip-like appendages that help bacteria move around.

Exotoxins are secreted toxins released by bacteria, while endotoxins are part of the bacterial cell wall.

Endotoxins can cause severe inflammation and shock, leading to conditions like septic shock.

Endotoxins cause fever, hypotension (low blood pressure), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), a dangerous blood clotting disorder.

The exchange of genetic material between bacteria, allowing them to share traits like antibiotic resistance.

An enzyme produced by some bacteria that breaks down collagen, a protein found in connective tissue, allowing the bacteria to spread through the body.

1. Exposure: Transmission of bacteria to a host
2. Adhesion: Attachment to host cells
3. Invasion: Entry into host cells and tissues
4. Toxin Production: Release of harmful substances
5. Immunopathogenesis: Immune response causing disease symptoms.

A community of bacteria embedded in a protective slime layer, which often forms on surfaces like catheters or teeth.

A type of bacteria that causes bacillary dysentery, a severe form of diarrhea, transmitted through fecal-oral contamination.

A toxin produced by certain strains of bacteria, like E. coli, that can damage intestinal cells, leading to bloody diarrhea and severe complications.

A bacterial molecule that helps bacteria bind to the lining of the intestines, increasing their ability to colonize and cause infection.

Viruses can evade the immune system by inhibiting antigen presentation, manipulating host cell machinery to favor their replication, and producing immunomodulatory proteins.

Fungal toxins can cause tissue necrosis by damaging cells and tissues, contributing to the disease process caused by fungi.

A special stain used to visualize bacterial endospores, highly resistant structures that can survive harsh conditions.

Molecules on bacteria that help them stick to host cells, like a hook.

The movement of bacteria towards or away from chemical substances, like a smell guiding them.

Bacteria can produce enzymes that break down host tissues, making it easier for them to spread and invade.

The first stage of bacterial pathogenesis, where bacteria are transmitted from one source to another.

The process of bacteria entering host cells and tissues, often involving bacterial enzymes.

A life-threatening condition where blood clots form throughout the small blood vessels, causing severe organ damage and bleeding.

Enzymes produced by bacteria that can break down tissue components, allowing the bacteria to spread through the host.

Vaccines made from inactivated toxins (toxoids) that still trigger an immune response, providing protection against the actual disease.

E. coli can produce virulence factors like Shiga toxin and intestinal adherence factor, which help it cause disease in the intestines.

A selective and differential culture medium used to isolate and identify gram-negative bacteria, especially those that do not ferment lactose.

Bacteria with a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, they do not retain the crystal violet stain in a Gram stain.