Infectious Diseases Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae?

  • Tuberculosis
  • Leprosy (correct)
  • Cholera
  • Gonorrhea

    • What does the term 'virulence' refer to in the context of infectious diseases?

  • The rate of transmission from one host to another
  • The ability of a microorganism to remain dormant in a host
  • The speed at which symptoms appear in the infected individual
  • The degree of pathogenicity and extent of damage caused to the host (correct)

    • Which causative agent is associated with stomach ulcers?

  • Ebola virus
  • Bartonella henselae
  • Helicobacter pylori (correct)
  • Clostridium tetani

    • Which disease listed originated in 1976 and is classified under infectious diseases caused by viruses?

    <p>Ebola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a carrier in the context of infectious diseases?

    <p>A host that shows no signs but can transmit the infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for an organism to establish an infectious disease?

    <p>It must reach the host, overcome defenses, and produce toxins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following microbial factors is responsible for evading the immune response?

    <p>Antibiotic cleaving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hyaluronidase in microbial pathogenesis?

    <p>It splits hyaluronic acid in connective tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is NOT mentioned as a microbial factor leading to disease?

    <p>Amylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can inhibit the processes of chemotaxis and phagocytosis?

    <p>Exotoxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not one of Koch's postulates?

    <p>The microorganism must cause disease in healthy hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a primary pathogen?

    <p>A microorganism that regularly causes infection and disease in healthy hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a parasite?

    <p>An organism that lives in or on another organism and benefits at the host's expense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about opportunistic pathogens is accurate?

    <p>They cause infections only in individuals with weakened defense mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the microbiome play in host defenses?

    <p>It helps to maintain health and protect against pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding disease transmission?

    <p>Microorganisms can be transmitted by vectors and contaminated surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Koch’s second postulate entail?

    <p>The microorganism can be isolated in pure culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a host in the context of host-parasite interactions?

    <p>An organism in or on which a parasite lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an anatomic barrier in host defenses?

    <p>T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the microbiome play in host defense against infections?

    <p>It helps educate the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of innate defense mechanisms?

    <p>Complement activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can lead to increased susceptibility to disease?

    <p>Prior course of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the microbiome is NOT part of its structure?

    <p>Insect cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological functions do microbes in the microbiome impact?

    <p>Metabolic functions and pathogen protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of a splenectomy?

    <p>Decreased immunity due to loss of filtering blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immune response involves the production of antibodies?

    <p>B cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does whaling impact the ecosystem involving orcas?

    <p>It causes a decline in the sea lion and seal populations, affecting orca food sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential consequence of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis in the gut microbiome?

    <p>Increased susceptibility to infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fish is not primarily affected by commercial fishing and global warming according to the content?

    <p>Otters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of dysbiosis on human health?

    <p>Compromised immune homeostasis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species compete with nutritious fish like herring and ocean perch, impacting the food chain?

    <p>Pollock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an exogenous source of infectious disease transmission?

    <p>Inhalation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is primarily responsible for the transmission of 80% of infectious diseases?

    <p>Direct contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reservoir is associated with zoonoses?

    <p>Animal reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper order for removing personal protective equipment (PPE)?

    <p>Gloves, eye protection, apron or gown, surgical mask</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route is associated with fecal-oral transmission?

    <p>Oral and mucous membrane contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following transmission methods involves a puncture wound?

    <p>Percutaneous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about environmental reservoirs is true?

    <p>They consist of soil, water, and plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when removing PPE in a healthcare setting?

    <p>Avoiding contamination by following the specific removal sequence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Host-Parasite Interaction

    • Host-parasite interactions are a significant factor in disease
    • Koch's postulates are a set of criteria for determining if a particular bacterium causes a specific disease
    • Koch's postulates include:
      • The microorganism must be present in every case of the infectious disease
      • The microorganism can be isolated in pure culture
      • Inoculation of the pure culture into animals produces a similar disease
      • The same species of microorganism must be recovered from the diseased animal
    • Host: an animal (human) or plant on or in which a parasite or commensal organism lives
    • Parasite: an organism that lives in or on an organism of another species and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's expense
    • Pathogen: a microorganism capable of causing an infectious disease
    • Primary pathogen: microorganism that regularly causes infection and disease when it enters a healthy host
    • Opportunistic pathogen: microorganism that rarely causes disease in healthy humans but may in a host whose defense mechanisms have been compromised or weakened
    • Infectious disease: a disease caused by microorganisms
    • Infections: invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in or on a host
    • Virulence: the degree of pathogenicity and extent to which a microorganism can cause damage to the infected host
    • Carrier: an infectious host that, because of inherited genetic traits, either does not develop symptoms or carries an organism in a latent state (symptoms may develop later, such as Herpes reactivation following stress)
    • Examples of known carriers include Mary Mallon, known as "Typhoid Mary"
    • To establish an infectious disease, an organism must: reach the host, overcome host defenses, invade and proliferate in the host tissues, produce toxins or other virulence factors, and be capable of resisting host defenses
    • Microbial factors leading to disease include evading immune response, antibiotic cleaving, ability to attach, inhibiting chemotaxis and phagocytosis, exotoxins, endotoxins, enterotoxin, tissue tropism, excreting enzymes, hyaluronidase splitting hyaluronic acid, collagenase, hemolysins lysing red blood cells, fibrinolysin, ketatinase, lecithinase, IgA proteases and slime layers / biofilms
    • Host defenses include anatomic barriers such as skin, sweat, lactic acid, free fatty acids, respiratory tract, mucus and ciliated epithelium, Gl tract with stomach acid, mucus, peristalsis, villi and microvilli, and the microbiome throughout the body
    • Host defenses also include innate defenses such as neutrophils and macrophages, the complement system, the adaptive immune response with antibodies, and T cell mediated responses
    • Host factors leading to disease include behaviors, occupation, age/genetics/sex, prior viral infections, splenectomy, diabetes, hematoproliferative disorders, burns, steroid therapy, prior course of antibiotics, and immunosuppressive drugs
    • The microbiome plays a critical role in host defense against microbial infections
    • The human microbiome is made up of bacteria, archaea, viruses and eukaryotic microbes that reside in and on our bodies
    • Microbes impact our physiology by affecting metabolic functions, protecting against pathogens, and educating the immune system
    • The human body is an ecosystem
    • The decline in sea otters is caused by multiple factors: whaling, plankton proliferation, competition with other fish, commercial fishing, and global warming
    • Disease burden has decreased over time for communicable, maternal, neonatal and nutritional diseases
    • Exogenous sources of infectious disease include inhalation, ingestion, direct contact, inoculation, congenital (transplacental, birth canal), fomites, animal contact, and arthropod vectors
    • Routes of transmission include oral and mucous membrane, percutaneous, and respiratory
    • Reservoirs for infectious disease include humans, animals, and the environment (e.g. soil, water, or plants)
    • Droplet spread and droplet nuclei are methods of infection
    • Direct contact is another method of infection

    Additional Information

    • 80% of infectious diseases are transmitted by touch
    • Correct PPE removal procedure is essential to prevent disease transmission

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    Host-Parasite Interaction PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on infectious diseases and their causative agents. This quiz covers various aspects including virulence, microbial factors, and the role of carriers. Challenge yourself with questions about historical diseases and pathogenic mechanisms.

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