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Questions and Answers
What method does Vampirococcus use to attack its prey?
What method does Vampirococcus use to attack its prey?
How does Myxococcus achieve its predation?
How does Myxococcus achieve its predation?
What distinguishes Daptobacter from other microbial predators?
What distinguishes Daptobacter from other microbial predators?
In microbial predation, what role does Bdellovibrio play?
In microbial predation, what role does Bdellovibrio play?
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What characteristic is common among microbial predators such as Myxococcus and others discussed?
What characteristic is common among microbial predators such as Myxococcus and others discussed?
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Which interaction is an example of amensalism?
Which interaction is an example of amensalism?
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Which organism pair exhibits mutualism?
Which organism pair exhibits mutualism?
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Which of the following describes a parasitic relationship?
Which of the following describes a parasitic relationship?
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Which of the following is an example of a competitive interaction?
Which of the following is an example of a competitive interaction?
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What type of interaction is keystone predation?
What type of interaction is keystone predation?
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What type of relationship is characterized by some reciprocal benefit to both partners?
What type of relationship is characterized by some reciprocal benefit to both partners?
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In a mutualistic relationship, what is a key characteristic regarding the interaction between the species?
In a mutualistic relationship, what is a key characteristic regarding the interaction between the species?
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In the aphid-Buchnera aphidicola interaction, what does the microbe provide to the insect host?
In the aphid-Buchnera aphidicola interaction, what does the microbe provide to the insect host?
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Which of the following mutualistic relationships involves a photosynthetic organism?
Which of the following mutualistic relationships involves a photosynthetic organism?
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What percentage of organic matter for corals is produced by the Zooxanthellae?
What percentage of organic matter for corals is produced by the Zooxanthellae?
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Which of the following describes the role of endosymbiotic microbes in mutualistic relationships?
Which of the following describes the role of endosymbiotic microbes in mutualistic relationships?
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What do deep sea tube worms rely on for energy in their mutualistic relationships?
What do deep sea tube worms rely on for energy in their mutualistic relationships?
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The holobiont system involving corals and Zooxanthellae can be described as which type of habitat?
The holobiont system involving corals and Zooxanthellae can be described as which type of habitat?
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What initiates the infection process in the described context?
What initiates the infection process in the described context?
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How does bacterial communication provide an advantage to bacteria?
How does bacterial communication provide an advantage to bacteria?
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Which of the following statements best describes the characteristic of the bacterial communication mentioned?
Which of the following statements best describes the characteristic of the bacterial communication mentioned?
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What role do furanones play in the described bacterial context?
What role do furanones play in the described bacterial context?
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What is a consequence of the micro-colonies invading the host's epidermis?
What is a consequence of the micro-colonies invading the host's epidermis?
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What might be a potential danger of bacterial communication through eavesdropping?
What might be a potential danger of bacterial communication through eavesdropping?
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At what temperatures were the furanones tested for their effects on inoculation?
At what temperatures were the furanones tested for their effects on inoculation?
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What is suggested by the phrase 'more “us” than “them”' in the context of bacterial communication?
What is suggested by the phrase 'more “us” than “them”' in the context of bacterial communication?
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What is the relationship between leaf cutter ants and the fungus they cultivate?
What is the relationship between leaf cutter ants and the fungus they cultivate?
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What is a critical function of the bacteria introduced by the ants to the fungal garden?
What is a critical function of the bacteria introduced by the ants to the fungal garden?
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Which process converts ammonium ( ext{NH}_3) to nitrite ( ext{NO}_2)?
Which process converts ammonium ( ext{NH}_3) to nitrite ( ext{NO}_2)?
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What describes commensalism?
What describes commensalism?
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Which two bacteria are primarily responsible for the nitrification process?
Which two bacteria are primarily responsible for the nitrification process?
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What is the role of the ants in maintaining their fungal garden?
What is the role of the ants in maintaining their fungal garden?
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How do commensals benefit from host organisms?
How do commensals benefit from host organisms?
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What is an example of a syntrophic interaction?
What is an example of a syntrophic interaction?
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What distinguishes Streptomyces from other fungi?
What distinguishes Streptomyces from other fungi?
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What do the leaf cutter ants primarily provide to the fungus?
What do the leaf cutter ants primarily provide to the fungus?
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What is the primary purpose of AHL in quorum sensing?
What is the primary purpose of AHL in quorum sensing?
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Which of the following describes autoinduction in quorum sensing?
Which of the following describes autoinduction in quorum sensing?
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Which bacterium is associated with the production of the lux operon for bioluminescence?
Which bacterium is associated with the production of the lux operon for bioluminescence?
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What role do response regulators like luxR play in quorum sensing?
What role do response regulators like luxR play in quorum sensing?
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What phenotypes are associated with AHL signaling in bacteria?
What phenotypes are associated with AHL signaling in bacteria?
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Which of the following signaling systems is NOT involved in AHL mediated quorum sensing?
Which of the following signaling systems is NOT involved in AHL mediated quorum sensing?
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Why might bioluminescent bacteria benefit from emitting light?
Why might bioluminescent bacteria benefit from emitting light?
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What type of molecules are primarily involved in AHL-mediated signaling systems?
What type of molecules are primarily involved in AHL-mediated signaling systems?
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What mechanism allows bacteria to sense cell density in the environment?
What mechanism allows bacteria to sense cell density in the environment?
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Which of the following statements about AHL diffusion is correct?
Which of the following statements about AHL diffusion is correct?
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Study Notes
Microbial Interactions
- Direct interactions have a direct impact of one organism on another without a third party. A (donor) has an effect on C (recipient)
- Direct impacts are more significant than indirect impacts in most ecosystems.
- Indirect impacts are impacts mediated by a third party (B) A (donor) affecting B (transmitter) that then effects C (recipient).
Types of Direct Interactions
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Mutualism: Positive interaction for both organisms (+/+)
- Symbiotic relationship with obligation. Partners may need each other to live together
- Example: Aphid-Buchnera aphidicola interaction, deep sea tube worms, coral-zooxanthellae
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Commensalism: Positive for one organism, neutral for the other (+/0)
- One organism benefits, the other is neither harmed nor helped.
- Often involves environmental modifications by one to benefit the other.
- Example: Microbial succession, surface microbes on plants or animals (organic compounds).
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Predation: Positive for the predator, negative for the prey (+/-)
- Predator attacks and usually kills prey.
- Examples: Bdellovibrio, Vampirococcus, Daptobacter, Myxococcus
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Herbivory: Positive for the herbivore, negative for the plant (+/-)
- Herbivore eats plant, plant is harmed
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Parasitism: Positive for the parasite, negative for the host (+/-)
- Parasite benefits from living on the host and sometimes causes harm, while the host is harmed
- Example: Rickettsia typhi (causes Typhus)
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Amensalism: Positive for one organism, negative for the other (+/-)
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One organism benefits, but negatively impact another based on release of a specific compound
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Examples: antibiotic production by fungi and bacteria, production of organic acids during fermentation
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Competition: Negative for both organisms (-/-)
- Two organisms compete for the same resource
- One organism dominates, or both survive at lower populations
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Co-operation: Positive for both organisms (+/+)
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A form of symbiosis that involves syntrophic relationships; helps both species involved.
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Example: Relationship between sulfide-oxidizing bacteria and various animals (e.g., sponges)
Other Important Interactions
- Nitrification: Conversion of ammonia to nitrite and then nitrate by bacteria (NH3 -> NO2 -> NO3)
- Fungal Farming by Ants: Ants cultivate fungus and feed them pieces of leaves, while ants consume the fungus.
- Keystone Species: Species with a disproportionate influence on their ecosystem. The influence on the community is often through trophic interactions. Example: Pisaster (starfish).
Indirect Interactions
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Interaction chains - A donor species affects the abundance of a transmitter that effects a recipient (important in food webs)
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Example: Bird predation -- caterpillars -- Herbivory in baby formula
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Example: the creation of lactic acid by bifidobacterium, which inhibits the growth and lowering the disease incidence of pathogens in infants
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Interaction modification - A donor species alters a transmitter's attribute (e.g., behavior) that therefore effects a recipient.
- Example: Bird predation influencing caterpillar abundance or behavior within their food webs
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Description
Test your knowledge on the direct interactions between microorganisms and their effects on ecosystems. Explore concepts like mutualism, commensalism, and predation, and understand the significance of these relationships. Challenge yourself with scenarios and examples.
