Microbial Interactions

<p>It enters the prey's cell wall and grows outside the plasma membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They utilize specific strategies for attacking their prey. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotic producing bacteria with a fungal parasite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sulphide oxidating bacteria and tube worm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agrobacterium tumefaciens with a plant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudomonas sp. and Burkholderia sp. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Indirect interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutualism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some degree of obligation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Needed vitamins and amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coral-Zooxanthellae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide nutrients like vitamins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemosynthetic bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marine ecosystem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Micro-colonies breaching the epidermis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps them establish survival strategies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for eavesdropping on other bacterial species. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance communication among bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It triggers the bleaching disease to spread. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows harmful bacteria to detect and exploit vulnerabilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>20ºC and 25ºC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria are more likely to work collaboratively within their species than against others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ants provide antibiotics to eliminate harmful microbes around the fungus. (A), The ants and fungus benefit each other through a cooperative relationship. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They generate antibiotics to inhibit competing fungi. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrification (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They inoculate the garden with beneficial bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through modifications in the environment created by the host. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One organism consumes the waste of another and benefits from it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is known for producing antifungal compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Organic leaf material for nourishment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate gene expression based on cell density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Self-regulation of gene expression dependent on its own signal concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteobacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind to AHL and regulate luminescence gene expression (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Biofilm formation and virulence factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attract predators and inhibit competitors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small diffusible molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical accumulation of signaling molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>AHLs diffuse out of bacterial cells into the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A relationship between two species where both benefit.

Mutualistic partners may need to live together, being dependent on each other.

A microbe living inside another organism providing essential nutrients (e.g., vitamins and amino acids).

An insect that provides shelter and nutrition to a microbe living in it.

An example of a mutualistic relationship where zooxanthellae (algae) photosynthesize for coral, providing energy.

Zooxanthellae provides the coral with high percentage of organic material for growth.

Aphid-Buchnera aphidicola interaction is an example of mutualism.

An example of a mutualistic relationship where bacteria help the worm.

A relationship where one microbial species (the predator) attacks and usually kills another (the prey) to consume its contents.

A predatory bacterium that penetrates the cell wall of its prey and grows outside the plasma membrane, eventually consuming the prey's cytoplasm.

A predatory bacterium that uses an epibiotic mode of attack, where it pierces the prey's cell and sucks out its contents.

A predatory bacterium that penetrates its prey and directly consumes the cytoplasmic contents.

A predatory bacterium that uses gliding motility, forming a "wolf pack" to overtake prey and release degrading enzymes to consume it.

A cooperative relationship between leafcutter ants and a fungus, where ants cultivate the fungus for food and provide leaves for sustenance.

A type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, while the other is neither harmed nor helped.

A bacterium that lives in close association with another organism, often providing benefits such as antifungal properties.

A process where bacteria convert ammonium to nitrite, then to nitrate.

A type of bacteria that converts ammonium to nitrite during nitrification.

A type of bacteria known for producing antifungal compounds, often found in ant fungal gardens.

Metabolic interactions where one organism consumes another's waste products, but neither benefits from the other.

A type of bacteria that converts nitrite to nitrate during nitrification.

A type of fungus that inhibits the growth of another fungus by producing inhibiting compounds.

One organism benefits, while the other is unaffected. This is often related to modification of environment.

A type of indirect interaction where a predator species significantly impacts the community structure by controlling the population of a dominant prey species. This can lead to a cascade effect, affecting other species in the ecosystem.

A relationship where two organisms benefit by exchanging metabolic products, often through complementary metabolic pathways. This is a common example of mutualism.

A relationship where both organisms benefit from the interaction. This can involve exchanging resources, protection, or other services.

A mechanism where bacteria use chemical signals to sense cell density and regulate gene expression.

A small signaling molecule produced by bacteria to communicate with each other during quorum sensing.

A set of genes involved in bioluminescence in bacteria, regulated by quorum sensing.

A gene encoding the enzyme AHL synthase, which produces the AHL signaling molecule.

The process where AHL signaling molecules spread out from a bacterial cell into the environment.

Genes that are turned on or off by the presence of AHL, responding to changes in bacterial population density.

Furanones are chemical signals produced by bacteria that can influence the behavior of other bacteria, including both their own species and different species. They can be thought of as a "bacterial language" used for communication and interaction.

Furanones allow bacteria to gain a significant advantage by communicating and coordinating their actions. This can include things like establishing colonies, adapting to environmental changes, and even outcompeting other bacteria for resources.

Cross-talk refers to the phenomenon where bacteria of different species can communicate with each other using furanones. This means the signals aren't always limited to just one species.

Some bacteria can "eavesdrop" on the furanone signals produced by other bacteria, allowing them to sense what's going on in their environment. This helps them make informed decisions about how to survive and thrive.

Using furanones, bacteria can gather information about their surroundings, such as the presence of other bacteria, food sources, and potential threats. This helps them develop a survival strategy to adapt to changing conditions.

Furanones play a crucial role in coordinating group behavior among bacteria. By using these signals, bacteria can work together to achieve common goals, such as forming colonies or invading a new environment.

The use of furanones can help bacteria distinguish between members of their own species and those of other species. This allows them to favor their own kind, promoting the survival and success of their own community.

The communication network established by furanones can have a significant impact on the host organism. Bacteria can use furanones to influence the host's immune system, behavior, and even the overall health of the host.