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Questions and Answers
What role does carotovorum play in relation to pectinase activity and soft rot symptoms on potatoes?
What role does carotovorum play in relation to pectinase activity and soft rot symptoms on potatoes?
In the context of pathobiome, which of the following best describes the relationship between invasive pathogens and resident microbiota?
In the context of pathobiome, which of the following best describes the relationship between invasive pathogens and resident microbiota?
How do bacterial-fungal interactions (BFIs) contribute to plant disease progression?
How do bacterial-fungal interactions (BFIs) contribute to plant disease progression?
What is a function of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by microbes during interactions?
What is a function of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by microbes during interactions?
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What aspect of the microbial community does the term 'pathobiome' refer to?
What aspect of the microbial community does the term 'pathobiome' refer to?
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What is the primary role of quorum-sensing (QS) in bacterial communities?
What is the primary role of quorum-sensing (QS) in bacterial communities?
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How does quorum quenching (QQ) interact with quorum sensing (QS) among phytopathogenic bacteria?
How does quorum quenching (QQ) interact with quorum sensing (QS) among phytopathogenic bacteria?
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What is the significance of the AiiM gene found in Microbacterium testaceum?
What is the significance of the AiiM gene found in Microbacterium testaceum?
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Which of the following accurately describes the impact of microbial mutualistic relationships on plant health?
Which of the following accurately describes the impact of microbial mutualistic relationships on plant health?
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In terms of communication, how do fungi coordinate their behaviors similarly to bacteria?
In terms of communication, how do fungi coordinate their behaviors similarly to bacteria?
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Study Notes
Microbial Interactions in Plant Pathogenesis
- Invasive pathogens can establish mutualistic relationships with native microbes, negatively impacting plant health and accelerating disease progression.
- These relationships are hidden within complex interactions between different microbial species.
- Intra-species communication (e.g., quorum sensing) is crucial for microbial behaviors.
- Quorum sensing allows bacteria to sense population density and regulate activities like motility, biofilm formation, and virulence.
- Fungi also exhibit similar quorum regulation for behaviors like germination, colony formation, and sporulation.
- Inter-species communication (e.g., quorum quenching) exists.
- Symbiotic bacteria can interfere with pathogens' quorum-sensing mechanisms.
- Examples include Microbacterium testaceum interfering with Pectobacterium carotovorum.
- Mutualistic relationships exist within microbial communities, benefiting all involved.
- Gut microbiota provides nutrients (carbon and nitrogen) to invasive pathogens, boosting their growth and virulence.
- Beneficial bacteria can be manipulated into pathogens by picking up virulence factors.
- Microbial Cooperation extends to different kingdoms (bacteria and fungi).
- Physical and chemical interactions between bacteria and fungi influence plant pathogens.
- Bacteria may use fungi as vectors to spread infection.
- Fungi might utilize bacteria to enhance infection and disease progression, including building protection through biofilms (physical barrier)
Chemical Interactions
- Chemical signaling is prevalent in microbial interactions.
- Bacteria and fungi use small molecules like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to signal and affect each other's behavior.
- Release of VOCs by fungi can change bacterial motility and potentially facilitate co-infections.
- Fungi like Verticillium dahliae can produce effectors to counter beneficial bacteria while enabling their own colonization of host plants.
- Effectors are large proteins involved in interkingdom interactions.
- Pathogens use secretion systems to deliver effectors that manipulate plant immune responses.
- Examples of these effectors include those that manipulate entry, nutrient acquisition, defense suppression, and protein translocation.
Plant Responses and Pathobiome Management
- Plants recognize microbial molecules (MAMPs/PAMPs) using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), triggering innate immunity.
- Key MAMP/PAMPs include lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, and chitin.
- Two Plant Innate immunity levels (PTI and ETI) can be used.
- Pathobiome members can counter plant defenses via effectors that evade recognition by plant resistance (R) proteins, leading to effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS).
- Plants and pathogens can adapt and evolve in response to each other's actions.
- Conventional treatments focusing on one pathogen are less effective as pathogens might utilize multiple molecules for virulence.
- Understanding the complex cooperation within the pathobiome is crucial for creating effective anti-disease strategies.
Multiscale Interactions
- Pathobiome interactions occur at multiple levels (plant-microbe, microbe-insect, multitrophic).
- Plants use symbiotic microbes to defend against pathogens, while pathogens counter this alliance.
- Dysbiotic symptoms in plants (ex: leaf necrosis, chlorosis), and community shifts in microbial composition may indicate pathobiome involvement.
- The mechanisms behind these shifts are linked to plant immunity pathways (e.g., PAMP and ETI).
- Plant immunity deficiencies and pathway disruptions can result in shifts favoring pathogenic microbial communities.
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Description
Explore the complex relationships between invasive pathogens and native microbes in plant health. This quiz delves into intra- and inter-species communication, highlighting the role of quorum sensing in microbial behaviors, and the impact of mutualism in microbial communities. Understanding these interactions is crucial for addressing plant diseases.
